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Related Concept Videos

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
Various transmembrane receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), elicit a response to extracellular signals by increasing cytosolic calcium. Activated GPCRs...
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Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
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Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, compression, swelling, and shear stress can alter the conformation of the protein, opening a transmembrane channel that allows the passage of ions for signal transmission. In eukaryotes, mechanically-gated channels are distributed in several regions like the neurons, lungs, skin, bladder, and heart, where they play critical roles in numerous...
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Fluorescent Calcium Imaging and Subsequent In Situ Hybridization for Neuronal Precursor Characterization in Xenopus laevis
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Capacitative calcium entry: from concept to molecules.

James W Putney1

  • 1Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. putney@niehs.nih.gov

Immunological Reviews
|September 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Calcium (Ca2+) signals regulate immune cell functions through intracellular release and plasma membrane influx. Recent discoveries identified STIM and Orai proteins as key players in store-operated calcium entry, crucial for immune signaling.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Intracellular calcium (Ca2+) signals are critical for immune system functions.
  • These signals involve coordinated Ca2+ release from intracellular stores and influx across the plasma membrane.
  • Key pathways include inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-induced Ca2+ release and store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying store-operated Ca2+ entry.
  • To highlight the roles of STIM and Orai proteins in SOCE.
  • To understand the contribution of SOCE to immune cell signaling.

Main Methods:

  • The abstract does not specify methods.
  • Focuses on the discovery of molecular players involved in calcium signaling pathways.
  • Literature review and synthesis of recent findings.

Main Results:

  • STIM proteins act as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ sensors.
  • STIM proteins activate Orai subunits in the plasma membrane to form store-operated channels.
  • SOCE is essential for sustaining Ca2+ signals and activating downstream effectors in immune cells.

Conclusions:

  • The discovery of STIM and Orai proteins has significantly advanced our understanding of store-operated Ca2+ entry.
  • SOCE is a fundamental process supporting critical cellular functions in the immune system.
  • Further research into these pathways may reveal new therapeutic targets for immune disorders.