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Related Concept Videos

Pain01:20

Pain

Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
Nociception01:44

Nociception

Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain. Thus, pain helps the...
Opioid Receptors: Overview01:22

Opioid Receptors: Overview

Opioid receptors, including the mu (μ, MOR), delta (δ, DOR), and kappa (κ, KOR) types, belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and in non-neuronal tissues such as macrophages and astrocytes. Opioid receptor ligands can be categorized into agonists or antagonists. Highly selective agonists include [d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin or DAMGO for MOR, [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]-enkephalin or DPDPE for...
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Cannabinoids01:21

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Cannabinoids

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a phytocannabinoid that primarily interacts with the CB1 receptor, a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) predominantly in and around the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and emetic center. THC also blocks the serotonin receptor activity in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) by inhibiting serotonin release. THC exerts its anti-emetic effects through these interactions, which are beneficial for patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Two synthetic agonists of THC,...
Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents
02:26

Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents

Published on: April 9, 2019

Endocannabinoids can open the pain gate.

MacDonald J Christie1, Christophe Mallet

  • 1Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. mac.c@usyd.edu.au

Science Signaling
|September 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Endocannabinoids in the spinal cord can worsen acute pain by inhibiting natural pain dampeners. This pain-promoting effect decreases in chronic pain, explaining why cannabinoids help some chronic pain but not acute pain.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pain Research
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Endocannabinoids in the spinal cord can enhance pain perception.
  • This occurs by dampening inhibitory interneurons, which normally prevent pain from non-painful stimuli.
  • This mechanism increases pain sensitivity to mechanical stimuli near injury sites.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of endocannabinoids in acute versus chronic pain.
  • To understand why cannabinoid drugs are effective for some chronic pain conditions but not acute pain.

Main Methods:

  • The study likely involved animal models and human subjects.
  • Mechanisms of spinal cord endocannabinoid action were investigated.
  • Pain responses to mechanical stimuli were assessed under different conditions.

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Meal Duration as a Measure of Orofacial Nociceptive Responses in Rodents
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Meal Duration as a Measure of Orofacial Nociceptive Responses in Rodents

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents
02:26

Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents

Published on: April 9, 2019

Meal Duration as a Measure of Orofacial Nociceptive Responses in Rodents
09:05

Meal Duration as a Measure of Orofacial Nociceptive Responses in Rodents

Published on: January 10, 2014

Main Results:

  • Endocannabinoids enhance pain in acute injury states by inhibiting pain-suppressing neurons.
  • This pain-promoting effect diminishes as chronic pain develops from inflammation or nerve injury.
  • Cannabinoid drug efficacy differs between acute and chronic pain states.

Conclusions:

  • Spinal endocannabinoids contribute to acute pain hypersensitivity.
  • The waning of this effect in chronic pain may explain differential cannabinoid drug effectiveness.
  • Findings offer insights into cannabinoid-based pain management strategies.