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Related Concept Videos

Development of Blood Vessels01:07

Development of Blood Vessels

The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
The initial formation of this system is facilitated by the small amount of yolk present in the ovum and yolk sac. Blood vessels originate from...
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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
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Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Early Unguided Human Brain Organoid Neurovascular Niche Modeling into the Permissive Chick Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane
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Central nervous system microangioarchitecture in the human foetus.

Riccardo Arisio1, Mariagrazia Bonissone, Ettore Piccoli

  • 1Servizio di Anatomia e Istologia Patologica e Citodiagnostica, Ospedale Sant'Anna, Corso Spezia 60, 10136 Torino, Italy.

Advances in Clinical Pathology : the Official Journal of Adriatic Society of Pathology
|September 18, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Human fetal brain development reveals a rich network of blood vessels, challenging the terminal artery theory. These vessels form distinct rectangular and hexagonal patterns in white and gray matter, respectively, ensuring nutrient supply to developing neurons.

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Reliable Isolation of Central Nervous System Microvessels Across Five Vertebrate Groups
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Reliable Isolation of Central Nervous System Microvessels Across Five Vertebrate Groups

Published on: January 12, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Developmental neurobiology
  • Vascular biology
  • Neuroanatomy

Background:

  • Central nervous system arterioles were traditionally considered terminal arteries lacking anastomoses.
  • Understanding fetal brain angiogenesis is crucial for comprehending neurodevelopmental processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define the angiogenesis and vascular patterns in the fetal brain across different developmental stages.
  • To investigate the microarchitecture of cerebral vasculature in human fetuses.

Main Methods:

  • Examined 13 fetal and newborn brains (10th-33rd week gestation).
  • Utilized immunohistochemistry targeting CD31 and CD34 endothelial cell antigens to label blood vessels.
  • Analyzed vascularization quantity, structure, and topographic distribution.

Main Results:

  • Cerebral vascularization exhibits significant changes in quantity and structure during fetal development.
  • Two distinct microarchitectural patterns were identified: a rectangular mesh in white matter and a hexagonal mesh in gray matter.
  • The hexagonal pattern is prevalent in areas with increasing neuron density, suggesting a role in nutrient supply.

Conclusions:

  • Human fetal cerebral capillaries form a rich anastomotic network, not terminal arteries.
  • Distinct vascular patterns (rectangular in white matter, hexagonal in gray matter) are established during development.
  • The observed vascular architecture likely ensures adequate nutrient and oxygen delivery to actively developing neuronal regions.