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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...

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Cryoimmunotherapy in urologic oncology.

Abhinav Sidana1, Wasim H Chowdhury, Ephraim J Fuchs

  • 1James Buchanan Brady Urology Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287-2101, USA.

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Area of Science:

  • Urologic Oncology
  • Immunotherapy
  • Cryoablation

Background:

  • Cryoablation is increasingly used for urologic cancers.
  • Clinical observations and animal models suggest cryoablation can trigger a systemic anti-tumor immune response.
  • Enhancing this cryo-induced immune effect is crucial for treating advanced disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current evidence on cryoimmunology.
  • To explore mechanisms of cryoablation-induced anti-tumor immunity.
  • To describe potential cryoimmunotherapeutic strategies for metastatic urologic malignancies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of cryoimmunology research.
  • Analysis of mechanisms generating anti-tumor immune responses post-cryoablation.
  • Description of immunotherapy combinations with cryoablation.

Main Results:

  • Cryoablation shows potential for inducing systemic anti-tumor immunity.
  • Understanding the immune response mechanisms is key to optimizing cryotherapy.
  • Several immunotherapy approaches can be integrated with cryoablation.

Conclusions:

  • Cryoablation can stimulate a beneficial immune response against urologic tumors.
  • Combining cryoablation with immunotherapy offers a promising strategy for managing metastatic disease.
  • Further research into cryoimmunotherapy is warranted to enhance cancer treatment outcomes.