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Related Concept Videos

Other Stress Responses in Bacteria01:30

Other Stress Responses in Bacteria

Bacteria have global regulatory systems that control several types of stress mechanisms. These include Pho regulon and the heat shock response, which are essential systems for environmental adaptation, such as nutrient limitation and proteotoxic stress. The Pho regulon and the heat shock response exemplify bacterial resilience, enabling rapid adaptation to fluctuating environmental conditions.Pho RegulonBacteria require phosphorus for essential cellular processes, including nucleic acid...
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Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Diversity of Archaea III01:27

Diversity of Archaea III

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Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
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Measurements of Physiological Stress Responses in C. Elegans
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SAGA and Rpd3 chromatin modification complexes dynamically regulate heat shock gene structure and expression.

Selena B Kremer1, David S Gross

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130-3932, USA.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry
|September 18, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Histone acetyltransferase (HAT) complexes like SAGA and histone deacetylase (HDAC) complexes like Rpd3 rapidly and synchronously regulate heat shock protein (HSP) gene expression and chromatin structure in yeast.

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Standardized Methods for Measuring Induction of the Heat Shock Response in Caenorhabditis elegans
06:01

Standardized Methods for Measuring Induction of the Heat Shock Response in Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: July 3, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Yeast Genetics
  • Chromatin Biology

Background:

  • Heat shock protein (HSP) gene expression is crucial for cellular stress response.
  • Transcriptional induction of HSP genes involves significant changes in chromatin structure, including nucleosome disassembly.
  • Histone modification complexes play a key role in regulating gene accessibility and expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of histone modification complexes in regulating heat shock gene structure and expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  • To elucidate the dynamic recruitment and function of histone acetyltransferases and deacetylases at HSP genes.
  • To understand how these opposing enzymatic activities fine-tune transcriptional output.

Main Methods:

  • Gene knock-out and in situ mutagenesis in yeast.
  • Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays to determine protein occupancy at specific gene loci.
  • Expression assays to measure transcriptional activity.
  • Detailed analysis of specific HSP genes like HSP82.

Main Results:

  • Two histone acetyltransferases, Gcn5 and Esa1, were identified as stimulators of HSP gene transcription.
  • The SAGA complex (containing Gcn5) was rapidly recruited to promoters of heat shock factor 1-regulated genes upon heat shock.
  • Repressive Rpd3-containing histone deacetylase complexes were also rapidly recruited to all examined HSP genes, with specific recruitment patterns for Rpd3(L) and Rpd3(S) complexes.
  • Recruitment of Rpd3 complexes to the HSP82 promoter was facilitated by a URS1 cis-element, correlating with nucleosome deacetylation.

Conclusions:

  • SAGA and Rpd3 complexes are rapidly and synchronously recruited to heat shock factor 1-activated genes.
  • The opposing activities of SAGA and Rpd3 complexes modulate heat shock gene chromatin structure.
  • These coordinated actions fine-tune the transcriptional output of HSP genes during stress response.