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Related Concept Videos

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions01:16

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions

In Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is used to probe the electronic structure of molecules. This technique provides insights into molecular electronic transitions, particularly the movement of electrons between different molecular orbitals. Radiation is absorbed if the energy of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the molecule is precisely equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground states. During this process,...
Molecular Spectroscopy: Absorption and Emission01:14

Molecular Spectroscopy: Absorption and Emission

Molecules possess discrete energy levels called quantum states. Unlike atoms, which have simpler energy levels, molecules possess additional rotational and vibrational energy levels. Each energy level is separated by an energy gap, with the gaps between adjacent electronic, vibrational, and rotational levels varying significantly. The three types of energy levels in a diatomic molecule are shown in Figure 1.
Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence01:23

Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence

Atomic spectroscopy is a vital tool in elemental analysis, both qualitatively and quantitatively. It can be broadly divided into optical spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and X-ray spectroscopy methods. The optical spectroscopic methods are atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS). The first step in all three methods is atomization, where the solid, liquid, or solution-phase samples are converted into gas-phase atoms and...
Emission Spectra02:39

Emission Spectra

When solids, liquids, or condensed gases are heated sufficiently, they radiate some of the excess energy as light. Photons produced in this manner have a range of energies, and thereby produce a continuous spectrum in which an unbroken series of wavelengths is present.
UV–Vis Spectrometers01:14

UV–Vis Spectrometers

The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell. Samples for...
IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration01:16

IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration

A covalently bonded heteronuclear diatomic molecule can be modeled as two vibrating masses connected by a spring. The vibrational frequency of the bond can be expressed using an equation derived from Hooke's law, which describes how the force applied to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the displacement of the spring. In this case, the atoms behave like masses, and the bond acts like a spring.
According to Hooke's law, the vibrational frequency is directly proportional to the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing
10:42

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Published on: March 22, 2019

Saturation spectroscopy in optically thick three-level gas media.

C Schmidt-Iglesias, L Roso, R Corbalan

    Optics Letters
    |September 18, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study analyzes high-contrast transmission spectra in optically thick media. Strong pumping causes line narrowing and light-shift elimination, but spectral features within the natural linewidth remain unresolved.

    Area of Science:

    • Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
    • Quantum Optics
    • Nonlinear Optics

    Background:

    • Saturated absorption in optically thick media generates high-contrast transmission spectra.
    • Maxwell-Bloch equations are a standard tool for analyzing light-matter interactions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze high-contrast transmission spectra in Doppler-broadened three-level media.
    • To investigate the effects of strong pumping on spectral features.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis using Maxwell-Bloch-type equations.
    • Modeling of optically thick, Doppler-broadened three-level media.

    Main Results:

    • Strong pumping leads to propagation-induced line narrowing.

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  • Elimination of light shifts is observed under strong pumping conditions.
  • Spectral features within the natural linewidth are not resolvable.

    • Conclusions:

    • While strong pumping modifies spectral characteristics, it does not enable resolution of features within the natural linewidth.
    • The findings provide insights into the limitations of spectral resolution in saturated absorption systems.