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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers01:17

Antiepileptic Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers

Calcium channel blockers, a class of antiepileptic drugs, regulate the flow of calcium ions within neurons.
Calcium channel blockers exert their antiepileptic effects by targeting T-type calcium channels, which are integral to transmitting nerve signals in the central nervous system. These channels allow the passage of calcium ions, which are vital for neuronal communication. By inhibiting T-type calcium channels, calcium channel blockers effectively reduce the release of neurotransmitters and...
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for their...
Epilepsy ll: Types01:22

Epilepsy ll: Types

Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex
09:00

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Published on: April 15, 2015

Insular cortex epilepsy: an overview.

Dang Khoa Nguyen1, Dong Bach Nguyen, Ramez Malak

  • 1Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Notre-Dame du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.

The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques
|September 19, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Insular cortex epilepsy is an under-recognized cause of epilepsy surgery failure. Direct insular exploration is key for diagnosing and treating these challenging seizures.

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex
09:00

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Published on: April 15, 2015

Electromagnetic Source Imaging in Presurgical Evaluation of Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy
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13:14

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Published on: October 26, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Epileptology

Background:

  • Insular cortex epilepsy is an under-recognized localization-related syndrome.
  • It can mimic seizures originating from temporal, frontal, or parietal lobes.
  • This syndrome may explain failures in epilepsy surgery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the significance of the insular cortex in epilepsy.
  • To emphasize the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of insular cortex exploration.
  • To review current understanding and management strategies for insular epilepsy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on insular cortex epilepsy.
  • Discussion of diagnostic challenges and semiological features.
  • Evaluation of neuroimaging and electrophysiological techniques.
  • Assessment of surgical outcomes and microneurosurgical advancements.

Main Results:

  • The insula can generate diverse seizure symptoms mimicking other lobe onsets.
  • Intracerebral electrode implantation is the definitive method for confirming insular seizures.
  • Exploration of the insular cortex is recommended for MRI-negative epilepsy patients with suggestive semiology.
  • Electroencephalography (EEG) should routinely sample the insular region, particularly without structural lesions.

Conclusions:

  • Insular epilepsy is a crucial consideration in refractory epilepsy cases.
  • Early and accurate diagnosis via insular exploration can improve surgical outcomes.
  • Advances in microneurosurgery offer safe and effective resective options for insular epilepsy.