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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
Seizures l: Introduction01:20

Seizures l: Introduction

Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...
Epilepsy ll: Types01:22

Epilepsy ll: Types

Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:

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Generation and On-Demand Initiation of Acute Ictal Activity in Rodent and Human Tissue
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Published on: January 19, 2019

Reflections on the epileptic encephalopathies.

Kevin Farrell1

  • 1Division of Neurology, British Columbia's Childrens Hospital, Vancouver and Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques
|September 19, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Limited progress in treating epileptic encephalopathies stems from poor understanding of disease mechanisms, inadequate animal models, and unaddressed treatment response factors. Further research is needed to improve patient outcomes.

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Ex Vivo Calcium Imaging for Drosophila Model of Epilepsy
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Ex Vivo Calcium Imaging for Drosophila Model of Epilepsy
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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Developmental Neuroscience

Background:

  • Epileptic encephalopathies significantly impair neurological development.
  • Current treatments for these severe epilepsy syndromes have shown limited success.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify key factors hindering therapeutic advancements in epileptic encephalopathies.
  • To highlight areas for future research to improve treatment efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of current research on epileptic encephalopathies.
  • Analysis of challenges in understanding disease pathophysiology and treatment response.

Main Results:

  • Limited understanding of pathophysiology is a major barrier.
  • Lack of suitable animal models impedes preclinical research.
  • Etiology's impact on treatment response is poorly understood.
  • Absence of reliable cognitive change measurement hinders clinical trials.

Conclusions:

  • Addressing these knowledge gaps is crucial for developing effective treatments.
  • Improved animal models and outcome measures are essential.
  • A deeper understanding of etiology-specific treatment responses is needed.