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Related Concept Videos

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...
Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...

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Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis
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Ventral extra-striate cortical areas are required for human visual texture segmentation.

Harriet A Allen1, Glyn W Humphreys, Jessica Colin

  • 1Brain and Behavioural Sciences, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B152TT, UK. H.A.Allen@bham.ac.uk

Journal of Vision
|September 19, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Damage to ventral visual areas V2, V3, and V4 impairs texture segmentation. These extra-striate areas are crucial for detecting texture boundaries, unlike primary visual cortex (V1) alone.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception
  • Cortical Function

Background:

  • Texture segmentation is a fundamental visual task.
  • Ventral visual stream areas (V2, V3, V4) are implicated in complex visual processing.
  • The role of these areas in basic texture segmentation remains under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the necessity of ventral extra-striate cortical areas for texture segmentation.
  • To determine if primary visual cortex (V1) alone is sufficient for texture segmentation.

Main Methods:

  • A patient (HJA) with bilateral V2, V3, and V4 damage performed a texture segmentation task.
  • Performance was assessed using varying levels of orientation noise in background textures.
  • Control participants completed the same task for comparison.

Main Results:

  • Patient HJA exhibited significant deficits in texture segmentation across all conditions.
  • Performance was particularly impaired when background textures had minimal orientation differences.
  • Control participants performed better with homogeneous or near-homogeneous backgrounds.

Conclusions:

  • Primary visual cortex (V1) is insufficient for simple texture segmentation.
  • Ventral extra-striate visual areas are essential for detecting texture boundaries.
  • These areas likely enhance target-background borders and suppress homogeneous texture signals.