Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Chemical Inactivation of the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Cereblon by Pomalidomide-based Homo-PROTACs
Published on: May 15, 2019
Prolyl hydroxylases and therapeutics
Abstract:
Prolyl hydroxylases are members of the iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase enzyme family. Collagen prolyl hydroxylase is well known for its involvement in scurvy, in which ascorbate deficiency inhibits the enzyme and results in characteristic signs of the disease. Several distinct prolyl hydroxylases that hydroxylate (and thereby regulate) the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) transcription factors were discovered in 2001. These HIF prolyl hydroxylases, termed prolyl hydroxylase domain enzymes (PHDs), are the subject of this forum. HIF coordinates the cellular response to hypoxia, and the PHDs have attracted widespread interest as potential therapeutic targets in a wide range of diseases including anemia, ischemic heart disease, stroke, cancer, and pulmonary hypertension. Novel PHD-based pharmaceutical agents are now undergoing clinical trials. As well as original data, this forum includes reviews discussing recent advances in the biochemistry and therapeutic manipulation of PHDs, the potential role of PHD inhibitors in neuroprotection, and the involvement of PHDs in the complex interaction between oxygen homeostasis and iron homeostasis.
Related Concept Videos
Prodrugs
Prodrugs help overcome...
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Prostacyclin Receptor Agonists
These agonists bind to the IPR receptor situated on the plasma membrane of the pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. This binding triggers a cascade of reactions known as the GS-AC-cAMP-PKA pathway. This pathway results in the relaxation of smooth muscle...
Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets
Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:
Phase I Reactions: Hydrolytic Reactions
An important hydrolytic reaction is ester hydrolysis. Ester bonds, often found in prodrugs, are broken down, increasing the solubility of drugs like aspirin and lidocaine for more straightforward elimination. Amide hydrolysis is another critical reaction, targeting amide bonds prevalent...
Peroxisomes

