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Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Microbiological Rapid On-Site Evaluation for Pulmonary Infectious Diseases

Microbiological Rapid On-Site Evaluation for Pulmonary Infectious Diseases

Published on: March 1, 2024

Cryptococcal pleuritis developing in a patient on regular hemodialysis.

K Kinjo¹, S Satake, T Ohama

¹Department of Internal Medicine, Okinawa Prefectural Hokubu Hospitla, Okinawa, Japan. keikinjo@yahoo.co.jp

Clinical Nephrology

|September 19, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This case highlights a rare instance of cryptococcal pleuritis in a hemodialysis patient who also carried human T lymphotrophic virus Type I (HTLV-I). Physicians should consider this fungal infection in dialysis patients with unexplained pleural effusion.

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Area of Science:

Infectious Diseases
Nephrology
Mycology

Background:

Patients undergoing regular hemodialysis are immunocompromised and susceptible to various infections.
Human T lymphotrophic virus Type I (HTLV-I) carriers have altered immune function, increasing susceptibility to opportunistic infections.
Pleural effusion is a common complication in dialysis patients, with diverse potential etiologies.

Observation:

A 64-year-old male on hemodialysis and with HTLV-I presented with persistent cough and unilateral pleural effusion.
Pleural fluid analysis revealed Cryptococcus neoformans, with positive antigen tests confirming cryptococcal pleuritis.
The patient had isolated pleural involvement without evidence of pulmonary parenchymal lesions.

Findings:

Cryptococcal pleuritis is an exceptionally rare condition, particularly in patients on dialysis.
This case represents one of the few reported instances of cryptococcal pleuritis in a dialysis patient.
The absence of pulmonary lesions makes this presentation of cryptococcal pleuritis unusual.

Implications:

This case underscores the importance of considering rare fungal infections like cryptococcosis in dialysis patients presenting with unexplained pleural effusion.
Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing cryptococcal pleuritis, especially in immunocompromised individuals.
Further research into the specific risks and management of fungal pleural infections in dialysis patients is warranted.