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Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Vapor Exposure Paired with Two-Bottle Choice to Model Alcohol Use Disorder

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Suicide and alcohol: do outlets play a role?

Fred W Johnson¹, Paul J Gruenewald, Lillian G Remer

¹Prevention Research Center, 1995 University Ave., Berkeley, CA 94704, USA. fred@prev.org

Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research

|September 22, 2009

Summary

Higher bar densities in local areas correlate with increased rates of completed suicide and suicide attempts, particularly in rural communities. This study highlights the disproportionate impact of alcohol outlet density on suicide rates in rural America.

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Area of Science:

Environmental Criminology
Public Health
Sociology

Background:

Existing research indicates a significant link between alcohol consumption and suicide rates.
However, few studies have examined this relationship at a small spatial-unit level over time.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the association between the density of alcohol outlets (bars, off-premise) and completed suicide and suicide attempt rates.
To conduct the first longitudinal, small-area analysis using California zip codes.

Main Methods:

Utilized longitudinal data from 581 California zip codes (1995-2000).
Analyzed the relationship between local and adjacent (lagged) alcohol outlet densities and suicide mortality/attempt hospitalizations.
Employed random effects models, accounting for spatial autocorrelation.

Main Results:

Higher local and lagged bar densities were associated with increased completed suicide rates.
Higher local bar densities correlated with increased suicide attempt rates.
Both completed suicide and suicide attempt rates were lower in areas with higher restaurant densities.

Conclusions:

Bar density is a significant factor associated with higher suicide rates, especially in rural areas.
The findings underscore the elevated suicide rates in rural communities and the need for targeted interventions.
Alcohol outlet density, particularly bars, warrants attention in public health strategies for suicide prevention in rural settings.