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Related Concept Videos

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female Drosophila...
Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold sister...
Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
Infertility in Males01:23

Infertility in Males

Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
Sex-linked Disorders01:43

Sex-linked Disorders

Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.
Sex Linked Disorders01:43

Sex Linked Disorders

Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Murine Orchiectomy and Ovariectomy to Reduce Sex Hormone Production
09:36

Murine Orchiectomy and Ovariectomy to Reduce Sex Hormone Production

Published on: November 17, 2023

Polyorchidism: a meta-analysis.

Robert Bergholz1, Katharina Wenke

  • 1Department of Pediatric Surgery, UKE Medical School, Hamburg University, Altona Children's Hospital, Hamburg, Germany. robert@bergholz-berlin.de

The Journal of Urology
|September 22, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polyorchidism, a rare congenital condition, is often discovered incidentally during evaluations for other issues. Cryptorchidism (undescended testes) is a significant risk factor for malignancy in patients with supernumerary testes.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Murine Orchiectomy and Ovariectomy to Reduce Sex Hormone Production
09:36

Murine Orchiectomy and Ovariectomy to Reduce Sex Hormone Production

Published on: November 17, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Congenital Anomalies
  • Surgical Pathology

Background:

  • Polyorchidism, characterized by the presence of supernumerary testes, is an uncommon congenital anomaly.
  • Existing literature presents contradictory data regarding its clinical presentation, comorbidities, and complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically analyze the existing literature on polyorchidism.
  • To clarify the appearance, comorbidities, and complications associated with supernumerary testes.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive database search was conducted to identify relevant studies.
  • Inclusion criteria required polyorchidism cases to be confirmed by histological examination.
  • Data extraction focused on the presentation, comorbidities, and complications of supernumerary testes.

Main Results:

  • 140 cases of polyorchidism were identified, with triorchidism being the most common type.
  • Supernumerary testes were predominantly found on the left side (64.5%) and often associated with inguinal hernia, undescended testicle, testicular torsion, or scrotal pain.
  • Neoplasms occurred in 6.4% of cases, with 88% of these malignancies arising in cryptorchid supernumerary testes.

Conclusions:

  • Polyorchidism is a rare condition typically diagnosed during investigations for other urological issues.
  • Cryptorchidism is identified as the primary risk factor for malignancy in supernumerary testes, necessitating careful management and counseling.
  • The frequent presence of a vas deferens suggests potential reproductive function, influencing management decisions regarding surgery, biopsy, or orchiectomy.