Metallothionein Mto gene of Drosophila melanogaster: structure and regulation

We report the sequence of the Mto gene, one of the two known metallothionein genes of Drosophila melanogaster, and compare its structure with that of the other metallothionein gene, Mtn. The main structural features are the presence of a small intron (61 base-pairs), the presence of four potential MREs (metal regulatory elements) and the absence of a TATA box in the promoter region. Of all metals tested, Hg2+, Cd2+ and Cu2+ are the most efficient ions for inducing an increase in Mto gene transcription. The Mto and Mtn genes are differentially regulated during normal development. Transcription of Mto is detected early in embryogenesis (0 to 3 h) and persists to the third larval instar, while Mtn expression starts later in embryogenesis (12 to 15 h) and is thereafter maintained throughout larval development and adult stages. Sequencing of the Mto protein is in good agreement with the nucleic acid data. Surprisingly, attempts to isolate and characterize the Mtn protein were unsuccessful. Several lines of evidence suggest that this metallothionein is rapidly incorporated after its synthesis into lysosomes, where it would be processed in a way that would not permit its purification. The function of the Mtn protein thus appears to be mainly related to detoxification processes. The pattern of expression of Mto suggests that this gene may be involved in the control of metal homeostasis during development.