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Related Concept Videos

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...

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Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Fabrication and Characterization of Microneedle Patches for Loading and Delivery of Exosomes
07:41

Fabrication and Characterization of Microneedle Patches for Loading and Delivery of Exosomes

Published on: July 12, 2024

Microneedle-based vaccines.

Mark R Prausnitz1, John A Mikszta, Michel Cormier

  • 1School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0100, USA. prausnitz@gatech.edu

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
|September 22, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microneedles offer a safe and effective new vaccine delivery method, potentially reducing required doses and manufacturing costs. This technology shows promise for widespread public health applications, including pandemic preparedness.

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Dissolving Microneedle Array Patches Manufactured By Solvent Casting Technique and Essential Characterization of Microneedle-Based Biomedical Devices

Published on: January 30, 2026

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Fabrication and Characterization of Microneedle Patches for Loading and Delivery of Exosomes
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Published on: July 12, 2024

Dissolving Microneedle Array Patches Manufactured By Solvent Casting Technique and Essential Characterization of Microneedle-Based Biomedical Devices
08:26

Dissolving Microneedle Array Patches Manufactured By Solvent Casting Technique and Essential Characterization of Microneedle-Based Biomedical Devices

Published on: January 30, 2026

Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Immunology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Pandemic influenza and public health needs drive innovation in vaccine delivery systems.
  • Microneedles offer a novel approach for transdermal vaccine administration.
  • Existing intradermal injection methods are safe and effective, often eliciting strong immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate microneedles as a safe and effective vaccine delivery system.
  • To explore the potential for dose sparing and improved immune responses with microneedle technology.
  • To assess the feasibility of microneedles for self-administration and low-cost manufacturing.

Main Methods:

  • Microneedles fabricated using low-cost methods for skin vaccine delivery.
  • Vaccine administration via microneedle coating, encapsulation, or injection.
  • Evaluation of immune responses (antibody titers, T cell responses) in animal models (rodents, nonhuman primates).
  • Safety assessment through clinical experience and adverse event monitoring in human and animal subjects.

Main Results:

  • Microneedles successfully delivered various vaccine types (inactivated virus, DNA plasmids, antigens) eliciting strong antibody responses.
  • Significant dose-sparing effect observed, with microneedles achieving higher antibody titers than subcutaneous or intramuscular delivery at low doses.
  • Microneedle delivery generated protective antibody levels, comparable or superior to conventional methods.
  • Safety profile demonstrated minimal adverse events, with no infections and low incidence of mild, transient erythema; pain was reported as minimal.

Conclusions:

  • Microneedles represent a promising, safe, and effective vaccine delivery platform.
  • This technology may enable reduced vaccine dosage requirements, leading to cost savings and improved accessibility.
  • The potential for simple distribution and self-administration positions microneedles as a valuable tool for public health initiatives and pandemic preparedness.