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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Diphtheria01:28

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
Poliomyelitis01:17

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
26:48

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: July 4, 2007

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: postinfectious, postimmunization and variant forms.

Peter O Behan1

  • 1Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK and School of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK. pob1w@clinmed.gla.ac.uk

Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics
|September 23, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a common neurological disorder, often following viral infections. Diagnosis relies on clinical history and MRI, with steroids and immunosuppressives improving outcomes despite potential mortality.

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Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
06:19

Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: September 9, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a significant neurological disorder, more prevalent in younger individuals.
  • It accounts for a substantial portion of encephalitides, often triggered by viral infections, immunizations, or conditions affecting cerebral endothelial cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the key aspects of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.
  • To highlight diagnostic approaches and treatment strategies for ADEM.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical history review
  • Physical examination findings
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans

Main Results:

  • ADEM diagnosis is primarily based on clinical presentation and MRI findings, as no specific test exists.
  • High-dose steroids, immunosuppressants, and plasma exchange are effective treatment modalities.
  • While prognosis is generally favorable, mortality rates can reach 20%, with significant morbidity in some cases.

Conclusions:

  • ADEM is a notable neurological condition requiring prompt diagnosis and management.
  • Effective treatments are available, but vigilance regarding potential mortality and morbidity is crucial.