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Blood Types

Blood Types

Human blood is classified into different types based on the presence of antigens on the red blood cell's surface and antibodies in the plasma. Proper identification of blood type is essential for successful blood transfusion. The International Society of Blood Transfusion has identified 38 human blood types based on the surface antigens on the red blood cells. The most common types are ABO, Rh, and MNS blood types.
ABO blood group
ABO antigens are glycoproteins encoded by genes present on...

Blood Typing

Blood Typing

Understanding an individual's blood group is a critical component of transfusion medicine. It ensures compatibility in blood transfusions, organ transplants, and even during pregnancy. Determining these blood groups involves the ABO and Rh blood typing systems, utilizing specific antigens and corresponding anti-sera to identify an individual's blood type.
Antigens are protein molecules that reside on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). The ABO and Rh blood typing systems target antigens A,...

Multiple Allele Traits

Multiple Allele Traits

The Concept of Multiple Allelism

The ABO Blood Group

The ABO Blood Group

The ABO blood group system is a critical element of transfusion medicine, essential for determining blood compatibility in transfusions and organ transplants. It is based on specific antigens, or agglutinogens, present on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs) and corresponding antibodies, or agglutinins, in the blood plasma.
Antigens in the ABO Blood Group System
Antigens are substances that can trigger an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies. In the ABO blood group system,...

Blood Transfusion and Agglutination

Blood Transfusion and Agglutination

Blood transfusion is a therapeutic measure to restore the blood volume after extensive blood loss due to an accident or a medical procedure. Blood transfusion involves drawing a certain amount of blood from a suitable donor and infusing it into the recipient.
History
The history of blood transfusion dates back to the 17th century, when early attempts were made in animals. In 1818 James Blundell, a British doctor, performed the first successful human blood transfusion. Later in 1900, Karl...

Rh Blood Group

Rh Blood Group

The Rhesus (Rh) antigen is crucial in determining blood groups and ensuring compatibility during blood transfusions.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Dried Blood Spots - Preparing and Processing for Use in Immunoassays and in Molecular Techniques

Dried Blood Spots - Preparing and Processing for Use in Immunoassays and in Molecular Techniques

Published on: March 13, 2015

A case of discordant HbA(1c): a method-dependent error.

Goce Dimeski¹, Carel J Pretorius, Anthony W Russell

¹Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. goce_dimeski@health.qld.gov.au

The Medical Journal of Australia

|September 23, 2009

Summary

Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) measures long-term blood sugar control but can be inaccurate with certain conditions. Fructosamine offers a reliable alternative when HbA1c results are discordant, aiding patient management.

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Personalized Peptide Arrays for Detection of HLA Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation

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Personalized Peptide Arrays for Detection of HLA Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation

Personalized Peptide Arrays for Detection of HLA Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation

Published on: September 6, 2017

Area of Science:

Clinical Biochemistry
Diabetes Mellitus Management
Analytical Chemistry

Background:

Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) is the standard biomarker for assessing long-term glycemic control in patients with diabetes.
Accurate HbA1c measurement is crucial for effective diabetes management and preventing complications.
Variations in analytical methods and patient-specific factors can impact HbA1c result reliability.

Observation:

Hemoglobin variants and reduced red blood cell survival can lead to inaccurate HbA1c readings.
Discordance between HbA1c levels, blood glucose measurements, and clinical status necessitates further investigation.
Fructosamine testing provides an alternative assessment of glycemic control under specific circumstances.

Findings:

Fructosamine serves as a valuable alternative biomarker when HbA1c results are unreliable or discordant.
This alternative marker can offer a more accurate estimation of glycemic control in challenging cases.
Utilizing fructosamine can help bridge diagnostic gaps and improve patient care.

Implications:

Clinicians can leverage fructosamine testing to refine diabetes management strategies when HbA1c is questionable.
Accurate glycemic control assessment is vital for mitigating long-term diabetes complications.
Integrating fructosamine into diagnostic algorithms enhances the precision of patient care for diabetes.