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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
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Routine thyroidectomy in total laryngectomy: is it really indicated?

Talal Al-Khatib1, Asher Aron Mendelson, Karen Kost

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada.

Journal of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery = Le Journal D'Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie Et De Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale
|September 23, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid gland invasion (TGI) is uncommon in laryngeal cancer. Advanced tumors, particularly those with subglottic extension, show a higher likelihood of TGI.

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Head and Neck Surgery
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Laryngeal carcinoma treatment often involves laryngectomy.
  • Understanding patterns of tumor spread, including to the thyroid gland, is crucial for surgical planning and prognosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the incidence and characteristics of thyroid gland invasion (TGI) in laryngeal carcinoma.
  • To identify factors associated with TGI in laryngeal cancer patients.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 74 total laryngectomies performed between 2001 and 2006.
  • Pathologic examination of specimens to assess tumor stage, subsite, and thyroid gland involvement.
  • Review of pre- and postoperative radiation therapy and thyroid function.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid gland invasion (TGI) was rare in laryngeal carcinoma.
  • Subglottic extension greater than 10 mm (36%) and cartilaginous invasion (61%) were common.
  • One subglottic tumor showed bilateral TGI with lymph node metastasis.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid gland invasion is an infrequent occurrence in laryngeal cancer.
  • Subglottic involvement and advanced tumor stage may increase the risk of TGI.