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Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.

Meiosis II

Meiosis II

Meiosis II is the second and final stage of meiosis. It relies on the haploid cells produced during meiosis I, each of which contain only 23 chromosomes—one from each homologous initial pair. Importantly, each chromosome in these cells is composed of two joined copies, and when these cells enter meiosis II, the goal is to separate such sister chromatids using the same microtubule-based network employed in other division processes. The result of meiosis II is two haploid cells, each containing...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Isolation and Derivation of Mouse Embryonic Germinal Cells

Isolation and Derivation of Mouse Embryonic Germinal Cells

Published on: October 22, 2009

In vitro post-meiotic germ cell development from human embryonic stem cells.

B Aflatoonian¹, L Ruban, M Jones

¹Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Alfred Denny Building, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK. b.aflatoonian@shef.ac.uk

Human Reproduction (Oxford, England)

|September 23, 2009

Summary

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can generate primordial germ cells and mature sperm in vitro, offering a model for reproductive development. However, the development of oocytes remains uncertain.

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Application of Mouse Parthenogenetic Haploid Embryonic Stem Cells as a Substitute of Sperm

Application of Mouse Parthenogenetic Haploid Embryonic Stem Cells as a Substitute of Sperm

Published on: November 19, 2020

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Isolation and Derivation of Mouse Embryonic Germinal Cells

Isolation and Derivation of Mouse Embryonic Germinal Cells

Published on: October 22, 2009

Application of Mouse Parthenogenetic Haploid Embryonic Stem Cells as a Substitute of Sperm

Application of Mouse Parthenogenetic Haploid Embryonic Stem Cells as a Substitute of Sperm

Published on: November 19, 2020

Area of Science:

Reproductive biology
Stem cell research
Developmental biology

Background:

Understanding human germ cell development is crucial for addressing infertility and environmental impacts on reproduction.
Ethical and practical challenges exist in obtaining early-stage human reproductive tissues.
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) offer a potential in vitro model for studying gametogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the potential of hESC-derived germ cells as an in vitro model for human gamete development.
To analyze germ cell differentiation markers and hormonal environments within hESC-derived embryoid bodies (EBs).

Main Methods:

Human ESCs were differentiated into embryoid bodies (EBs) in vitro.
Gene and protein expression profiles were analyzed using Q-PCR and immunolocalization.
Hormone secretion was measured to assess the presence of a germ cell niche.

Main Results:

Gene expression patterns indicated the formation of primordial germ cells (PGCs) and germ cell development.
Post-meiotic spermatids were identified using specific sperm markers (Protamine 1 and 1.97).
While oocyte development markers were observed, a mature oocyte with zona pellucida was not identified.

Conclusions:

hESCs can differentiate into PGCs and post-meiotic spermatids in vitro.
Oocyte development from hESCs requires further investigation.
hESC-derived EBs produced significant steroid hormones, suggesting an intrinsic niche supporting spermatogenesis.