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Related Concept Videos

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of cells.
Two...
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways01:25

cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) is an essential second messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA) and regulates various biological processes. A single epinephrine molecule binds to GPCR and activates several heterotrimeric G proteins, each stimulating multiple adenylyl cyclase, amplifying the signal, and synthesizing large numbers of cAMP molecules. Small changes in cAMP concentration affect PKA activity. The binding of four cAMP molecules induces a conformational change in PKA,...
G Protein-coupled Receptors01:15

G Protein-coupled Receptors

G Protein-Coupled Receptors or GPCRs are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to sensory stimuli such as light, odors, hormones, cytokines, or neurotransmitters.
GPCRs are also called heptahelical, 7TM, or serpentine receptors, and consist of seven (H1-H7) transmembrane alpha-helices that span the bilayer to form a cylindrical core. The transmembrane helices are connected by three extracellular loops and three...
Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Investigation of Beige Fat Biology and Metabolism Using the CRISPR SunTag-p65-HSF1 Activation System
09:52

Investigation of Beige Fat Biology and Metabolism Using the CRISPR SunTag-p65-HSF1 Activation System

Published on: January 6, 2023

PPAR control: it's SIRTainly as easy as PGC.

Mary C Sugden1, Paul W Caton, Mark J Holness

  • 1Centre for Diabetes, Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Whitechapel, London E1 2AT, UK. m.c.sugden@qmul.ac.uk

The Journal of Endocrinology
|September 23, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This review explores how coactivator-1 (PGC-1) and lipin-1 regulate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-controlled genes. It highlights SIRT1

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Investigation of Beige Fat Biology and Metabolism Using the CRISPR SunTag-p65-HSF1 Activation System
09:52

Investigation of Beige Fat Biology and Metabolism Using the CRISPR SunTag-p65-HSF1 Activation System

Published on: January 6, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Metabolic Regulation
  • Gene Expression
  • Nutrient Handling

Background:

  • Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are key regulators of nutrient metabolism.
  • Understanding the co-regulatory networks of PPAR-target genes is crucial for metabolic health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in the regulatory interactions influencing PPAR-regulated gene expression.
  • To evaluate the role of coactivator-1 (PGC-1) and lipin-1 in coordinating nutrient handling genes.
  • To investigate the potential regulatory loop involving SIRT1, PPARs, PGC-1s, and lipin-1.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent advances in molecular mechanisms.
  • Analysis of regulatory interactions and signaling pathways.
  • Discussion of post-translational modifications, specifically deacetylation.

Main Results:

  • Recent advances highlight the roles of PPARgamma coactivator-1 (PGC-1) and lipin-1 in coordinating nutrient handling gene expression.
  • Evidence suggests SIRT1 may mediate a regulatory loop involving PPARalpha, PGC-1alpha, and lipin-1.
  • This loop controls metabolic responses via deacetylation of PPARalpha and PGC-1s.

Conclusions:

  • SIRT1, PPARs, PGC-1s, and lipin-1 form a critical regulatory network for metabolic adaptation.
  • Pharmaceutical manipulation of these targets offers therapeutic potential but requires careful consideration of associated challenges.