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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in the...

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...

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Updated: Jun 20, 2026

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

Published on: February 28, 2013

Current views on type 2 diabetes.

Yi Lin¹, Zhongjie Sun

¹Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA.

The Journal of Endocrinology

|September 23, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex metabolic disorder affecting many worldwide. This review summarizes current T2DM theories and highlights animal models crucial for understanding disease pathogenesis and developing new therapies.

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

Published on: February 28, 2013

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Metabolic Disorders
Genetics

Background:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent global metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and impaired insulin function.
T2DM involves dysfunctions in multiple organs, including muscle, pancreatic beta-cells, adipocytes, and the liver.
Genetic predisposition and physical inactivity are key etiological factors in human T2DM.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements and current theories regarding Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
To summarize the utility and characteristics of various animal models used in T2DM research.

Main Methods:

Literature review of current theories on T2DM pathogenesis.
Compilation and analysis of existing animal models for T2DM research.

Main Results:

T2DM pathogenesis involves complex interactions affecting glucose uptake, insulin secretion, and insulin action.
Animal models offer valuable insights into specific genetic, endocrine, metabolic, and morphological aspects of T2DM.
Each animal model replicates distinct facets of human T2DM, aiding in targeted research.

Conclusions:

Understanding T2DM requires exploring its multifactorial etiology and complex pathophysiology.
Animal models are indispensable tools for elucidating T2DM pathogenesis and identifying novel therapeutic strategies.