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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...
Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Lower-Limb Biomechanical Characteristics Associated with Unplanned Gait Termination Under Different Walking Speeds
05:52

Lower-Limb Biomechanical Characteristics Associated with Unplanned Gait Termination Under Different Walking Speeds

Published on: August 25, 2020

Identifying relationships among lower extremity alignment characteristics.

Anh-Dung Nguyen1, Sandra J Shultz

  • 1University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA. NguyenY@cofc.edu

Journal of Athletic Training
|September 23, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lower extremity alignment involves three distinct factors, revealing interactions between pelvic angle, knee alignment, and foot posture. Understanding these factors is crucial for assessing injury risk and improving lower extremity function.

Keywords:
postural relationshipsrisk factor assessment

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

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Published on: August 25, 2020

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Published on: April 15, 2020

Evaluating Postural Control and Lower-extremity Muscle Activation in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability
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Evaluating Postural Control and Lower-extremity Muscle Activation in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability

Published on: September 18, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Orthopedics
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Lower extremity alignment and injury risk are poorly understood.
  • Previous studies examined limited alignment variables.
  • Investigating relationships among variables can clarify posture and injury risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Measure key lower extremity alignment variables.
  • Examine relationships among these variables using factor analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Observational laboratory study.
  • Included 218 healthy college-aged participants (102 males, 116 females).
  • Measured pelvic angle, femoral anteversion, quadriceps angle, tibiofemoral angle, genu recurvatum, tibial torsion, and navicular drop.

Main Results:

  • Identified three distinct lower extremity alignment factors.
  • Factor 1: Pelvic angle, quadriceps angle, tibiofemoral angle.
  • Factor 2: Genu recurvatum, tibial torsion, navicular drop.
  • Factor 3: Femoral anteversion (independent).
  • Factors were consistent across sex and side.

Conclusions:

  • Factor analysis revealed 3 distinct lower extremity alignment clusters.
  • These factors describe potential interactions among alignment variables.
  • Further research should explore how these factors influence dynamic knee function and injury risk.