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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation01:26

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation

The nursing assessment of the genitourinary (GU) system involves a systematic inspection and palpation to identify abnormalities in the kidneys, bladder, and surrounding structures.InspectionMouth: Inspect for signs of kidney dysfunction, such as stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth) and ammonia breath, which may occur in advanced kidney disease due to the buildup of urea, breaking down into ammonia.Skin: Check for pallor, which could indicate anemia caused by kidney disease. Look for...
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System01:20

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
Prostate disorders are another major concern. These conditions can impair urinary flow due to the prostate's location around the urethra. Symptoms...
Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies
07:48

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

Published on: December 1, 2013

Bladder cancer.

David J Gallagher1, Matthew I Milowsky

  • 1Genitourinary Oncology Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.

Current Treatment Options in Oncology
|September 23, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Older adults with bladder cancer face treatment challenges due to comorbidities. Research should explore non-cisplatin therapies and bladder preservation for this population.

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An Orthotopic Model of Murine Bladder Cancer
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An Orthotopic Model of Murine Bladder Cancer
09:07

An Orthotopic Model of Murine Bladder Cancer

Published on: February 6, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Geriatric Oncology
  • Urologic Oncology

Background:

  • Bladder cancer disproportionately affects older adults, often with significant comorbidities.
  • Standard treatments like cisplatin chemotherapy and radical cystectomy are frequently contraindicated in this demographic.
  • Current bladder preservation strategies often exclude patients unfit for salvage cystectomy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the unique challenges in treating bladder cancer in older adults.
  • To identify critical areas for future research in optimizing bladder cancer management for the elderly.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current treatment paradigms for localized bladder cancer (superficial and muscle-invasive).
  • Analysis of limitations imposed by comorbidities on standard therapeutic options.
  • Examination of existing tri-modality bladder preservation approaches and their patient selection criteria.

Main Results:

  • Comorbidities significantly limit the applicability of cisplatin-based chemotherapy and radical cystectomy in older patients.
  • Existing bladder preservation protocols may not adequately address the needs of elderly patients not eligible for salvage cystectomy.

Conclusions:

  • Future research must prioritize the development of non-cisplatin neoadjuvant regimens for older adults.
  • Investigating bladder preservation strategies with alternative chemotherapy in non-cystectomy candidates is crucial.
  • Clinical trials for novel targeted agents and the integration of geriatric assessment tools are essential for improving decision-making and outcomes in older bladder cancer patients.