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Related Concept Videos

cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways01:25

cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) is an essential second messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA) and regulates various biological processes. A single epinephrine molecule binds to GPCR and activates several heterotrimeric G proteins, each stimulating multiple adenylyl cyclase, amplifying the signal, and synthesizing large numbers of cAMP molecules. Small changes in cAMP concentration affect PKA activity. The binding of four cAMP molecules induces a conformational change in PKA,...
Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but this inhibition is released...
Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of cells.
Two...
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas01:16

Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas

The pancreas, a vital organ within the abdominal cavity, plays dual roles in the digestive and endocrine systems, collaborating with exocrine and endocrine cells to maintain optimal digestion and blood sugar levels.
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Concurrently, the dispersed clusters of endocrine cells throughout the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Mechanism of Regulation of Adipocyte Numbers in Adult Organisms Through Differentiation and Apoptosis Homeostasis
08:34

Mechanism of Regulation of Adipocyte Numbers in Adult Organisms Through Differentiation and Apoptosis Homeostasis

Published on: June 3, 2016

PPARs and adipocyte function.

Constantinos Christodoulides1, Antonio Vidal-Puig

  • 1Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK. constantinos.christodoulides@orh.nhs.uk

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
|September 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Adipocytes, once seen as simple fat storage cells, are now understood to drive insulin resistance and metabolic disease. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are key regulators of metabolism and targets for treating diabetes and high lipid levels.

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Mechanism of Regulation of Adipocyte Numbers in Adult Organisms Through Differentiation and Apoptosis Homeostasis
08:34

Mechanism of Regulation of Adipocyte Numbers in Adult Organisms Through Differentiation and Apoptosis Homeostasis

Published on: June 3, 2016

Semi-Automated Isolation of the Stromal Vascular Fraction from Murine White Adipose Tissue Using a Tissue Dissociator
06:08

Semi-Automated Isolation of the Stromal Vascular Fraction from Murine White Adipose Tissue Using a Tissue Dissociator

Published on: May 19, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Metabolic disease research
  • Adipocyte biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Adipocytes are increasingly recognized for their role in metabolic disease pathogenesis, moving beyond their traditional view as passive lipid storage.
  • Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have emerged as critical regulators of lipid and glucose homeostasis over the past two decades.
  • PPARs are significant molecular targets for therapeutic interventions in hyperlipidemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the characteristics of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs).
  • To elucidate the specific roles of different PPAR isotypes in adipocyte biology.
  • To connect PPAR function in adipocytes to metabolic health and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on PPARs and adipocyte function.
  • Analysis of the molecular mechanisms underlying PPAR-mediated regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism.
  • Synthesis of findings on the involvement of PPAR isotypes in adipocyte differentiation and function.

Main Results:

  • Adipocytes actively participate in the development of insulin resistance and metabolic disorders.
  • PPARs, including various isotypes, are central to maintaining lipid and glucose homeostasis.
  • Dysregulation of PPARs in adipocytes contributes to metabolic dysfunction.

Conclusions:

  • Adipocytes are dynamic endocrine cells crucial to metabolic regulation.
  • Understanding PPARs and their isotypes in adipocytes offers therapeutic potential for metabolic diseases.
  • Targeting PPARs represents a promising strategy for managing hyperlipidemia and type 2 diabetes.