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Related Concept Videos

Transmission Electron Microscopy01:15

Transmission Electron Microscopy

In 1931, physicist Ernst Ruska—building on the idea that magnetic fields can direct an electron beam just as lenses can direct a beam of light in an optical microscope—developed the first prototype of the electron microscope. This development led to the development of the field of electron microscopy. In the transmission electron microscope (TEM), electrons are produced by a hot tungsten element and accelerated by a potential difference in an electron gun, which gives them up to 400 keV in...
Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy01:18

Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy

Optical microscopy uses optic principles to provide detailed images of samples. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek designed the first compound optical microscope in the 17th century to visualize blood cells, bacteria, and yeast cells. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes with enhanced magnification and resolution.
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X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
Overview of Microscopy Techniques01:22

Overview of Microscopy Techniques

The early pioneers of microscopy opened a window into the invisible world of microorganisms. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes that leveraged nonvisible light, such as fluorescence microscopy that uses an ultraviolet light source and electron microscopy that uses short-wavelength electron beams. These advances significantly improved magnification, image resolution, and contrast. By comparison, the...
Overview of Electron Microscopy01:25

Overview of Electron Microscopy

The wavelengths of visible light ultimately limit the maximum theoretical resolution of images created by light microscopes. Most light microscopes can only magnify 1000X, and a few can magnify up to 1500X. Electrons, like electromagnetic radiation, can behave like waves, but with wavelengths of 0.005 nm, they produce significantly greater resolution up to 0.05 nm as compared to 500 nm for visible light. An electron microscope (EM) can create a sharp image that is magnified up to 2,000,000X.
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

A Guide to Build a Highly Inclined Swept Tile Microscope for Extended Field-of-view Single-molecule Imaging
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Development of a Schwarzschild-type x-ray microscope.

M Kado, K A Tanaka, R Kodama

    Optics Letters
    |September 24, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    A novel Schwarzschild-type x-ray microscope achieved 0.5 micrometer resolution using nickel/carbon multilayers. This advanced x-ray imaging system successfully captured images during a 400-picosecond laser pulse.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • X-ray Microscopy
    • Plasma Physics

    Background:

    • Advancements in x-ray microscopy are crucial for high-resolution imaging.
    • Developing efficient x-ray sources and optics is key to pushing resolution limits.
    • Laser-produced plasmas offer intense, short-duration x-ray pulses.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To design, construct, and test a Schwarzschild-type x-ray microscope.
    • To evaluate the performance of Ni/C multilayers as x-ray mirrors.
    • To demonstrate high-resolution imaging capabilities with a laser-produced plasma x-ray source.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a Schwarzschild-type optical design for the x-ray microscope.
    • Employed nickel/carbon (Ni/C) multilayers with a 7 nm period and 30 layer pairs as x-ray mirrors.
    • Leveraged bright laser-produced plasmas as the x-ray source for illumination.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a spatial resolution of 0.5 micrometers.
    • Demonstrated a magnification of 15x.
    • Successfully recorded images within the 400-picosecond duration of the laser pulse.

    Conclusions:

    • The designed Schwarzschild-type x-ray microscope is effective for high-resolution imaging.
    • Ni/C multilayers are suitable for use as x-ray mirrors in such microscopes.
    • The combination of this microscope and laser-produced plasma sources enables time-resolved x-ray imaging.