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Related Concept Videos

Boundary Conditions: Lossless Lines01:21

Boundary Conditions: Lossless Lines

Consider a single-phase, two-wire, lossless transmission line terminated by an impedance at the receiving end and a source with Thevenin voltage and impedance at the sending end. The line, with length, has a surge impedance and wave velocity determined by the line's inductance and capacitance.
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In a three-phase circuit, line loss is an indicator of energy dissipated as heat due to the resistance of transmission lines. To address this, incorporating transformers into the system—a step-up transformer at the source and a step-down transformer at the load—is a strategic solution. Two three-phase transformers are introduced to improve this.
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Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities
11:08

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities

Published on: November 30, 2012

Low-loss coherent-coupling Y branches.

F S Chu1, P L Liu

  • 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Amherst, New York 14260, USA.

Optics Letters
|September 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We designed low-loss waveguide Y branches using coherently coupled bends. Beam-propagation simulations show excess loss as low as -0.18 dB for Ti:LiNbO(3) Y branches, enabling efficient power splitting.

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Area of Science:

  • Photonics and Waveguide Technology
  • Integrated Optics

Background:

  • Waveguide Y branches are fundamental components in photonic integrated circuits.
  • Achieving low loss and precise power splitting in Y branches is crucial for device performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and analyze low-loss waveguide Y branches with coherently coupled bends.
  • To investigate the impact of coherently coupled bends on power distribution in cascaded Y branches.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing beam-propagation simulations to model waveguide behavior.
  • Designing Titanium-indiffused Lithium Niobate (Ti:LiNbO(3)) Y branches.
  • Analyzing the excess loss and power splitting characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated a complete Ti:LiNbO(3) Y branch with a nominal half-branching angle of 1 degree exhibiting an excess loss as low as -0.18 dB.
  • Observed that power distribution in cascaded coherently coupled Y branches is sensitive to the connecting waveguide length.

Conclusions:

  • Coherently coupled bends offer a viable design strategy for achieving low-loss waveguide Y branches.
  • The presented design details facilitate efficient power splitting in photonic integrated circuits.