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Neurotransmitters and stress.

D S Goldstein1

  • 1National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.

Biofeedback and Self-Regulation
|September 1, 1990
PubMed
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Stress arises when expectations mismatch environmental perceptions, triggering compensatory responses. Distress, a type of stress, involves specific signs and neurohormonal activation, motivating avoidance.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Psychophysiology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Stress and distress are critical concepts in understanding physiological and psychological responses.
  • Neurohormonal systems play a key role in mediating the body's reaction to stressors.
  • Previous research has explored the links between stress, behavior, and bodily systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose clear definitions for stress and distress.
  • To explore the intricate relationships between stress and neurohormonal system activity.
  • To elucidate the underlying mechanisms and evolutionary basis of stress responses.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis and definition of stress and distress.
  • Exploration of the interplay between environmental perception, expectation, and physiological response.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Review of neurohormonal, behavioral, and autonomic system activation during stress.

    • Main Results:

    • Stress is defined as a discrepancy between expectations and perceptions, eliciting patterned compensatory responses.
    • Distress is characterized by specific behavioral, autonomic, and neuroendocrine signs, coupled with a negative affective state.
    • Stress responses involve complex, partly inherited patterns of activation/inhibition in homeostatic systems.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed definitions offer a framework for understanding stress and distress.
    • Stress responses are adaptive, rooted in evolutionary principles for survival and internal environment preservation.
    • Understanding these patterns provides insights into physiological and psychological health.