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Mutations01:35

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
Mutations01:39

Mutations

Overview
Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis01:23

Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis

The skin plays a crucial role in the synthesis of vitamin D, a vital nutrient for various physiological processes in the body. Vitamin D is unique because it can be synthesized in the skin through a series of chemical reactions triggered by exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight.
The solar UV B rays (290-315 nm) are absorbed by the skin, and 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3) photolyzes it to previtamin D3, which undergoes a rapid transformation to vitamin D3(cholecalciferol).
Burn Injuries01:22

Burn Injuries

Burn injuries occur when the skin and underlying tissues are damaged due to exposure to heat, electricity, chemicals, radiation, or friction. They can vary in severity, from minor superficial burns to severe deep burns that can be life-threatening.
The damage results in the death of skin cells, which can lead to a massive loss of fluid. Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and renal and circulatory failure follow, which can be fatal. Burn patients are treated with intravenous fluids to offset...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model
12:37

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model

Published on: September 7, 2013

Sunscreen abuse for intentional sun exposure.

P Autier1

  • 1International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. autierp@iarc.fr

The British Journal of Dermatology
|September 25, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Sunscreens may not prevent all skin cancers, potentially increasing melanoma risk with prolonged sun exposure. Using a UV dosimeter alongside sunscreen may help reduce risks for sunbathers.

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Oncology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Ultraviolet radiation (UV) from the sun is a primary cause of skin cancer.
  • Sunscreens initially aimed to prevent sunburns and showed promise in reducing UV-induced skin cancers in rodent models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of sunscreens in preventing skin cancers, including melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.
  • To investigate the association between sunscreen use, intentional sun exposure, and the risk of developing skin cancers.

Main Methods:

  • Review of laboratory studies in rodents and randomized trials in humans.
  • Analysis of observational studies examining sunscreen use and skin cancer incidence.
  • Examination of the impact of sunscreen on sun exposure duration and sunburn occurrence.

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Studying Chronic Exposure of Mice to Ultraviolet B Radiation

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model
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Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model

Published on: September 7, 2013

Determining Pain Detection and Tolerance Thresholds Using an Integrated, Multi-Modal Pain Task Battery
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Determining Pain Detection and Tolerance Thresholds Using an Integrated, Multi-Modal Pain Task Battery

Published on: April 14, 2016

Studying Chronic Exposure of Mice to Ultraviolet B Radiation
03:20

Studying Chronic Exposure of Mice to Ultraviolet B Radiation

Published on: August 19, 2025

Main Results:

  • Sunscreens moderately reduced solar keratoses and squamous cell carcinoma in older adults but showed no effect on basal cell carcinoma.
  • Observational studies linked sunscreen use to increased risks of nevus, melanoma, and basal cell carcinoma, particularly during intentional sun exposure.
  • Randomized trials indicated that sunscreen use can increase sun exposure duration without reducing sunburns, potentially elevating melanoma risk.

Conclusions:

  • Sunscreen abuse may prolong sun exposure, leading to behaviors that increase skin cancer risk.
  • Advertising and labeling should address the carcinogenic hazards of sunscreen abuse.
  • Combining sunscreen with a personal UV dosimeter could mitigate melanoma risk for individuals with high sun exposure.