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Related Concept Videos

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis01:25

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...
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Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Protein Glycosylation01:25

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Glycosylation, the most common post-translational modification for proteins, serves diverse functions. Adding sugars to proteins makes the proteins more resistant to proteolytic digestion. Glycosylated proteins can act as markers and receptors to promote cell-cell adhesion. Additionally, they have many essential quality control functions in the cell, such as correct protein folding and facilitating transport of misfolded proteins to the cytosol, which can be degraded.
Glycosylation occurs in...
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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Glycomics-Guided Glycoproteomics Facilitates Comprehensive Profiling of the Glycoproteome in Complex Tumor Microenvironments
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Glycomics-Guided Glycoproteomics Facilitates Comprehensive Profiling of the Glycoproteome in Complex Tumor Microenvironments

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Glycomics and disease markers.

Hyun Joo An1, Scott R Kronewitter, Maria Lorna A de Leoz

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States.

Current Opinion in Chemical Biology
|September 25, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Glycomics, the study of glycans, is crucial for understanding diseases like cancer. Mass spectrometry now enables glycan profiling for discovering new disease biomarkers.

Area of Science:

  • Glycomics and glycobiology
  • Biochemistry and molecular biology

Background:

  • Glycans are complex carbohydrates essential for biological processes.
  • Glycosylation is sensitive to the cellular environment and linked to diseases, including cancer.
  • Profiling the glycome offers potential for identifying novel disease biomarkers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the growing interest in glycan profiling for disease marker discovery.
  • To emphasize the role of mass spectrometry in advancing glycomics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing mass spectrometry for global glycan profiling.
  • Analyzing human serum samples to identify glycan patterns.

Main Results:

  • Mass spectrometry-based glycan profiling of human serum has identified promising markers.

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Chemically-blocked Antibody Microarray for Multiplexed High-throughput Profiling of Specific Protein Glycosylation in Complex Samples

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Glycomics-Guided Glycoproteomics Facilitates Comprehensive Profiling of the Glycoproteome in Complex Tumor Microenvironments
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Published on: February 7, 2025

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  • These markers show potential for diagnosing various cancers and diseases.

    • Conclusions:

    • Glycan profiling using mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for biomarker discovery.
    • This approach holds significant promise for early disease detection and diagnosis.