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Related Concept Videos

Dementia l: Introduction01:22

Dementia l: Introduction

Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...
Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and microglia. Abnormal...
Dementia01:30

Dementia

Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
The progression of dementia is generally gradual.
Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction01:29

Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction

Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
Alzheimer's Disease: Overview01:26

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
The clinical diagnosis of AD hinges on the presence of memory and other cognitive impairments. Biomarkers, such as changes in Aβ and tau...
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Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment

Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically identified by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. AD pharmacotherapy aims to manage cognitive symptoms, delay disease progression, and treat behavioral symptoms. The treatment is primarily symptomatic and palliative, with no definitive disease-modifying therapy available. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Murine Model of CD40-activation of B cells
12:24

Murine Model of CD40-activation of B cells

Published on: March 5, 2010

SOLUBLE CD40 LIGAND IN DEMENTIA.

B Giunta1, K P Figueroa, T Town

  • 1Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Medicine, Institute for Research in Psychiatry Neuroimmunology Laboratory, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33613, USA.

Drugs of the Future
|September 25, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Dementia affects 15-20% of older adults. Overactivation of the CD40-CD40-L complex in the central nervous system (CNS) drives inflammation and neuronal damage, contributing to dementia progression.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Neuroscience
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Dementia affects 15-20% of individuals over 65.
  • It is a leading cause of death globally.
  • Major dementias share CD40-CD40-L complex overactivation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of the CD40-CD40-L complex in dementia pathology.
  • To discuss current and future therapies targeting this pathway.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on dementia and the CD40-CD40-L pathway.
  • Analysis of the involvement of CD40-CD40-L in Alzheimer's, HIV-associated, and vascular dementia.

Main Results:

  • CD40-CD40-L overactivation leads to increased proinflammatory cytokines in the CNS.
  • This immune response negatively impacts neuronal survival and signaling.
  • Progressive loss of higher cortical functions is a consequence.

Conclusions:

  • The CD40-CD40-L pathway is a common factor in major dementia types.
  • Targeting this interaction offers a potential neuroimmunological treatment strategy.
  • Future therapies may focus on inhibiting CD40-CD40-L effects in neuropsychiatric diseases.