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Related Concept Videos

Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations02:05

Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations

Being able to calculate equilibrium concentrations is essential to many areas of science and technology—for example, in the formulation and dosing of pharmaceutical products. After a drug is ingested or injected, it is typically involved in several chemical equilibria that affect its ultimate concentration in the body system of interest. Knowledge of the quantitative aspects of these equilibria is required to compute a dosage amount that will solicit the desired therapeutic effect.
A more...
Chemical Equilibria: Systematic Approach to Equilibrium Calculations01:21

Chemical Equilibria: Systematic Approach to Equilibrium Calculations

Equilibrium calculations for systems involving multiple equilibria are often complex. For example, to calculate the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt in an aqueous solution in the presence of a common ion, one must consider all the equilibria in this solution. Calculations for these systems can be complicated and tedious, so a systematic approach with a series of steps is often helpful. The process is detailed below.
The first step is to identify all the chemical reactions involved, The...
Chemical Reactions02:26

Chemical Reactions

A balanced chemical equation provides the information of chemical formulas of the reactants and products involved in the chemical change. A reaction’s stoichiometry helps predict how much of the reactant is needed to produce the desired amount of product, or in some cases, how much product will be formed from a specific amount of the reactant.
The relative amounts of reactants and products represented in a balanced chemical equation are often referred to as stoichiometric amounts. However, in...
pH Scale02:41

pH Scale

Hydronium and hydroxide ions are present both in pure water and in all aqueous solutions, and their concentrations are inversely proportional as determined by the ion product of water (Kw). The concentrations of these ions in a solution are often critical determinants of the solution’s properties and the chemical behaviors of its other solutes. Two different solutions can differ in their hydronium or hydroxide ion concentrations by a million, billion, or even trillion times. A common means of...
SI Units: 2019 Redefinition01:13

SI Units: 2019 Redefinition

Measurement is an indispensable part of analytical chemistry. The result of measurement helps quantify a substance's physical property and compare it with the physical property of another substance. Each measurement comprises two components - a number indicating the magnitude and a unit of measurement as a standard for comparison. Further, the same quantity can be measured using different units of measurement, which leads to differences in magnitude.
A standard set of units has been defined to...
Chemical and Solubility Equilibria02:21

Chemical and Solubility Equilibria

The free energy change associated with dissolving a solute in a liter of solvent is called the free energy of a solution, ΔGsolution. The overall ΔGsolution is expressed as the balance of ΔGinteraction against the always-favorable free-energy of mixing, ΔGmixing. Solution formation is favorable if  ΔGsolution is less than zero, whereas it is unfavorable if ΔGsolution is greater than zero. In short, for a solution to form and complete dissolution to take place, the Gibbs energy change must be...

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Applying Cheminformatics to Develop a Structure Searchable Database of Analytical Methods
05:34

Applying Cheminformatics to Develop a Structure Searchable Database of Analytical Methods

Published on: June 6, 2025

Sustainable chemistry metrics.

Francisco García Calvo-Flores1

  • 1Grupo de Modelización Molecular, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada,18071 Granada, Spain. fgarciac@ugr.es

Chemsuschem
|September 26, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Green chemistry utilizes mathematical parameters to quantify the environmental impact of chemical processes. Key metrics like the environmental impact factor (E factor) and atom economy help assess sustainability.

Area of Science:

  • Green chemistry
  • Chemical engineering
  • Environmental science

Background:

  • Mathematical parameters are crucial for assessing the sustainability of chemical reactions and processes.
  • Quantifying environmental impact aids in understanding and mitigating chemical process consequences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and discuss the primary parameters used in evaluating undesirable environmental consequences of chemical processes.
  • To highlight the role of metrics in green chemistry and ecodesign.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of established green chemistry metrics.
  • Analysis of mathematical relationships between key sustainability parameters.
  • Consideration of ecodesign principles for industrial synthesis.

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Main Results:

  • The environmental impact factor (E factor), atom economy, and reaction mass efficiency are influential metrics.
  • These parameters are interconnected through mathematical equations.
  • Ecodesign is essential for complex industrial manufacturing sustainability.

Conclusions:

  • Green chemistry provides quantitative tools to assess environmental impact.
  • Understanding these parameters is vital for developing sustainable chemical processes.
  • Further integration of ecodesign principles is recommended for industrial applications.