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Related Concept Videos

Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride01:26

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
The bonds formed in this reaction are stronger than the bonds broken, making it energetically favorable. The reaction follows a radical chain mechanism similar to radical halogenation reactions,...
Microbial Leaching01:27

Microbial Leaching

Microbial leaching, also known as bioleaching, is an environmentally favorable method for extracting metals from low-grade ores using specific microorganisms. This biotechnological approach is particularly valuable for mining operations targeting copper, gold, and uranium, where traditional extraction methods may be economically or environmentally impractical.Copper Leaching and Microbial CatalysisIn copper bioleaching, crushed ore is arranged into heaps and irrigated with a dilute sulfuric...
Radical Reactivity: Concentration Effects01:20

Radical Reactivity: Concentration Effects

In a radical reaction, the concentration of starting materials governs the selectivity of a radical. For example, the reaction between an alkyl halide and an alkene, in the presence of tin hydride and AIBN, begins with the generation of a tin radical. The generated radical then abstracts halogen from the alkyl halide, producing an alkyl radical. This alkyl radical can either react with tin hydride, yielding an alkane, or add to an alkene, generating a nitrile-stabilized radical, eventually...
Catalysis01:27

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...
Radical Formation: Elimination00:51

Radical Formation: Elimination

Another method of radical formation is the elimination process. It is the opposite of the addition route and is driven by the instability of the radical. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, dibenzoyl peroxide yields a pair of unstable radicals upon homolysis. Given its instability, this radical spontaneously undergoes elimination via a C–C bond cleavage to form a relatively more stable phenyl radical. The mechanism involves cleavage of the bond between the α and β positions with respect to...

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Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Fabricating and Labeling Microbubbles with Fluorescent and Radioactive Tracers
10:40

Fabricating and Labeling Microbubbles with Fluorescent and Radioactive Tracers

Published on: January 24, 2025

Enhanced free-radical generation by shrinking microbubbles using a copper catalyst.

Pan Li1, Masayoshi Takahashi, Kaneo Chiba

  • 1National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan.

Chemosphere
|September 29, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Copper enhances free-radical generation from microbubbles, boosting wastewater treatment potential. This method effectively degrades persistent pollutants like polyvinyl alcohol.

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[(DPEPhos)(bcp)Cu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst
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[(DPEPhos)(bcp)Cu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst

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[(DPEPhos)(bcp)Cu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst
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[(DPEPhos)(bcp)Cu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst

Published on: May 21, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Microbubble collapse generates free radicals in aqueous solutions, but typically at concentrations too low for practical applications.
  • Existing methods for pollutant degradation face challenges with persistent organic compounds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate methods for enhancing free-radical generation from microbubble collapse.
  • To explore the application of enhanced microbubble collapse in wastewater treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized electron-spin-resonance spectroscopy to analyze hydroxyl radical generation.
  • Investigated the effect of copper addition under acidic conditions on microbubble collapse.
  • Observed the degradation of polyvinyl alcohol using collapsing air microbubbles.

Main Results:

  • Copper significantly enhanced hydroxyl radical generation from collapsing oxygen microbubbles in acidic solutions.
  • Polyvinyl alcohol, a resistant pollutant, was degraded by collapsing air microbubbles.
  • The concentration of generated free radicals was increased to potentially practical levels.

Conclusions:

  • Copper addition is an effective strategy to enhance free-radical production via microbubble collapse.
  • The microbubble-collapse technique shows promise for treating recalcitrant wastewater pollutants.
  • This research advances the application of microbubble technology in environmental remediation.