Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...

Mitochondrial Membranes

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...

Hypoxia

Hypoxia

Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits. Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes are specialized organelles present in fungi, plant, and animal cells. It can vary in number, size, morphology, and activity depending on the type of tissue and the nutritional state of the cell. For example, cells with active lipid metabolism, such as adipocytes, neurons, and hepatocytes, have more peroxisomes than other cells in the body. Besides their primary role in breaking down complex organic molecules, peroxisomes can also synthesize specific macromolecules and participate in...

Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells

Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells

Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
Some of the advantages that cancer cells have on normal cells include - enhanced ability to divide without terminally differentiating, induce new blood vessel formation,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

A multi-organ spatial metabolomic atlas of exercising mice reveals neuronal Complex I as a convergent and sufficient axis for tau pathology reduction in PS19.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Redox imbalance dictates dependence on GOT1 versus GOT2 for rod photoreceptor health during aging and stress.

Redox biology·2026

Same author

Maternal trans-vaccenic acid shapes neonatal T cell development and early-life immune imprinting.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2026

Same author

Mitochondrial complex I activity promotes antigen cross-presentation in dendritic cells.

Science immunology·2026

Same author

Hypoxia-responsive interaction between P-TEFb, BHLHE40, and Tim8-Tim13 regulates hypoxic gene transcription.

Science advances·2026

Same author

Mitochondrial L-2-hydroxyglutarate is a physiological signalling metabolite.

Nature·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Oxygen-Independent Assays to Measure Mitochondrial Function in Mammals

Oxygen-Independent Assays to Measure Mitochondrial Function in Mammals

Published on: May 19, 2023

Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species regulate hypoxic signaling.

Robert B Hamanaka¹, Navdeep S Chandel

¹Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.

Current Opinion in Cell Biology

|September 29, 2009

Summary

Physiological hypoxia triggers cellular responses via mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Further investigation is needed to understand ROS

More Related Videos

A Flow Cytometry-based Assay for Measuring Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Cardiac Myocytes After Hypoxia/Reoxygenation

A Flow Cytometry-based Assay for Measuring Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Cardiac Myocytes After Hypoxia/Reoxygenation

Published on: July 13, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Oxygen-Independent Assays to Measure Mitochondrial Function in Mammals

Oxygen-Independent Assays to Measure Mitochondrial Function in Mammals

Published on: May 19, 2023

A Flow Cytometry-based Assay for Measuring Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Cardiac Myocytes After Hypoxia/Reoxygenation

A Flow Cytometry-based Assay for Measuring Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Cardiac Myocytes After Hypoxia/Reoxygenation

Published on: July 13, 2018

Area of Science:

Physiology
Cellular Biology
Biochemistry

Background:

Hypoxia elicits physiological and cellular adaptations, including altered ventilation, pulmonary artery constriction, and transcriptional changes promoting glycolysis, angiogenesis, and erythropoiesis.
Mitochondria, as key oxygen consumers, are implicated as cellular oxygen sensors.
Mitochondrial complex III produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), which mediate many hypoxia-induced cellular responses.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an overview of the current understanding of mitochondrial ROS in cellular oxygen signaling during hypoxia.
To highlight the importance of investigating ROS as signaling molecules in maintaining cellular oxygen supply.

Main Methods:

Literature review of existing research on hypoxia, mitochondria, and ROS.
Synthesis of current knowledge regarding the role of mitochondrial-derived ROS in hypoxia signaling pathways.

Main Results:

Mitochondrial ROS production, particularly at complex III, is a key mediator of cellular responses to hypoxia.
While the precise mechanism of cytosolic ROS increase during hypoxia remains unclear, ROS function as critical signaling molecules.

Conclusions:

Mitochondrial-derived ROS play a significant role in cellular oxygen sensing and signaling.
Further research into the mechanisms and implications of ROS in hypoxia is crucial for understanding cellular oxygen homeostasis.