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Related Concept Videos

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
Cellular Injury IlI: Cellular Death01:11

Cellular Injury IlI: Cellular Death

Cell death is the irreversible loss of cellular structure and function, representing the final stage of severe injury. It plays a key role in both normal physiology and disease.Types of Cell DeathThe two main types are necrosis and apoptosis, though others like necroptosis and pyroptosis also exist.Necrosis:Necrosis is an unregulated form of cell death caused by severe injury such as trauma, toxins, or ischemia. It is characterized by cell swelling, membrane loss, rupture, and leakage of...
Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
Regulated Protein Degradation02:58

Regulated Protein Degradation

It is vital to regulate the activity of enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic proteins inside the cell. This can be achieved either through creating a balance between their rate of synthesis and degradation or regulating the intrinsic activity of the protein. Both these regulation mechanisms play an essential role in the normal functioning of cells.
Protein degradation plays two important roles in the cells. It helps to protect cells from misfolded or damaged proteins before they lead to a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis
12:55

Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis

Published on: February 16, 2015

Cellular and nuclear degradation during apoptosis.

Bin He1, Nan Lu, Zheng Zhou

  • 1Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

Current Opinion in Cell Biology
|September 29, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, involves rapid cell removal without triggering inflammation. This study explores the molecular mechanisms behind efficient apoptotic cell clearance in various organisms.

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Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity
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Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity

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Activation of Apoptosis by Cytoplasmic Microinjection of Cytochrome c
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Activation of Apoptosis by Cytoplasmic Microinjection of Cytochrome c

Published on: June 29, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis
12:55

Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis

Published on: February 16, 2015

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity
12:17

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity

Published on: August 12, 2018

Activation of Apoptosis by Cytoplasmic Microinjection of Cytochrome c
07:42

Activation of Apoptosis by Cytoplasmic Microinjection of Cytochrome c

Published on: June 29, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Immunology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Apoptosis is a crucial process for removing damaged or unwanted cells.
  • Efficient clearance of apoptotic cells prevents immune responses and tissue damage.
  • The degradation process involves both the dying cell and the engulfing phagocyte.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent discoveries on the molecular mechanisms of apoptotic cell degradation.
  • To highlight findings from both invertebrate and mammalian models.
  • To focus on the regulation of efficient clearance.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature.
  • Focus on molecular mechanisms.
  • Integration of findings from invertebrate and mammalian systems.

Main Results:

  • Apoptotic cells undergo internal breakdown, including DNA fragmentation and protein cleavage.
  • Engulfing cells utilize signaling pathways to mature phagosomes for degradation.
  • Phagocytic receptors are key in initiating phagosome maturation.

Conclusions:

  • Efficient degradation of apoptotic cells relies on coordinated molecular events within both apoptotic and engulfing cells.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is vital for controlling cellular homeostasis and preventing disease.
  • Recent advances provide a deeper insight into the regulation of efferocytosis.