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Epistasis

In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Clinical Examination Protocol to Detect Atypical and Classical Scrapie in Sheep
13:42

Clinical Examination Protocol to Detect Atypical and Classical Scrapie in Sheep

Published on: January 19, 2014

PrP genotype: a flock-level risk factor for scrapie?

Sue C Tongue1, Dirk U Pfeiffer, P Dave Shearn

  • 1Centre for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK. s.tongue@vmd.gsi.gov.uk

Preventive Veterinary Medicine
|September 29, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Flock-level prion protein (PrP) genotype frequencies are key risk factors for classical scrapie in sheep. Identifying specific genotype profiles can help target surveillance and manage scrapie risk in sheep flocks.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Epidemiology
  • Animal Genetics
  • Prion Diseases

Background:

  • Classical scrapie risk factors at flock level include management, purchases, flock size, and breed.
  • Prion protein (PrP) genotype is a known individual animal risk factor, but its flock-level frequency has not been studied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between flock-level prion protein (PrP) genotype frequencies and the risk of classical scrapie in British sheep flocks.

Main Methods:

  • An unmatched case-control study involving 293 British sheep flocks (98 case flocks, 195 control flocks).
  • Analysis of three measures of flock-level PrP genotype frequencies in relation to scrapie status.

Main Results:

  • Increased odds of scrapie were associated with positive frequencies of VRQ/VRQ and AHQ/VRQ genotypes, high frequencies of ARR/VRQ, and high frequencies of the VRQ allele.
  • These associations remained significant after adjusting for flock size, breed, and sampling strategy, with the exception of VRQ/VRQ positive frequencies.
  • The increased risk associated with larger flock size was confirmed.

Conclusions:

  • Flock-level PrP genotype frequency profiles are important risk factors for clinical classical scrapie.
  • Incorporating flock PrP genotype frequency into risk assessments and surveillance strategies can help identify at-risk sheep flocks.