Studies of lysozyme binding to histamine as a ligand for hydrophobic charge induction chromatography

Histamine was immobilized on Sepharose CL-6B (Sepharose) for use as a ligand of hydrophobic charge induction chromatography (HCIC) of proteins. Lysozyme adsorption onto Histamine-Sepharose (HA-S) was studied by adsorption equilibrium and calorimetry to uncover the thermodynamic mechanism of the protein binding. In both the experiments, the influence of salt (ammonium sulfate and sodium sulfate) was examined. Adsorption isotherms showed that HA-S exhibited a high salt tolerance in lysozyme adsorption. This property was well explained by the combined contributions of hydrophobic interaction and aromatic stacking. The isotherms were well fitted to the Langmuir equation, and the equilibrium parameters for lysozyme adsorption were obtained. In addition, thermodynamic parameters (DeltaH(ads), DeltaS(ads), and DeltaG(ads)) for the adsorption were obtained by isothermal titration calorimetry by titrating lysozyme solutions into the adsorbent suspension. Furthermore, free histamine was titrated into lysozyme solution in the same salt-buffers. Compared with the binding of lysozyme to free histamine, lysozyme adsorption onto HA-S was characterized by a less favorable DeltaG(ads) and an unfavorable DeltaS(ads) because histamine was covalently attached to Sepharose via a three-carbon-chain spacer. Consequently, the immobilized histamine could only associate with the residues on the protein surface rather than those in the hydrophobic pocket, causing a less favorable orientation between histamine and lysozyme. Further comparison of thermodynamic parameters indicated that the unfavorable DeltaS(ads) was offset by a favorable DeltaH(ads), thus exhibiting typical enthalpy-entropy compensation. Moreover, thermodynamic analyses indicated the importance of the dehydration of lysozyme molecule and HA-S during the adsorption and a substantial conformational change of the protein during adsorption. The results have provided clear insights into the adsorption mechanisms of lysozyme onto the new HCIC material.