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Related Concept Videos

Atherosclerosis I: Introduction01:30

Atherosclerosis I: Introduction

Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder characterized by the buildup of plaques on the arterial inner wall, causing them to narrow and harden over time. These plaques comprise lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue. The process primarily affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries, reducing blood flow in any artery.Etiology and risk factorsThe cause of atherosclerosis is multifactorial, involving a complex interplay among endothelial injury, lipid...
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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) originates from a series of events that impair the function of coronary arteries, the blood vessels responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. The pathophysiology of CAD is closely linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and lipid-driven condition affecting the vascular endothelium.1. Endothelial DamageThe process begins with damage to the vascular endothelium, which serves as a protective barrier between the blood and the vessel...
Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System VI: Calcium -Scoring CT01:25

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System VI: Calcium -Scoring CT

Calcium-Scoring CT ScanA calcium-scoring CT scan, also known as coronary artery calcium (CAC) scan, detects calcium deposits in the coronary arteries. This test assesses the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), which can lead to cardiovascular events such as angina, heart failure, and sudden cardiac arrest.A calcium-scoring CT scan is generally recommended for individuals at intermediate risk of CAD without symptoms. It includes:Men aged 40-75 and women aged 50-75: Especially those with a...
Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests

Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder that leads to the thickening and narrowing of arterial walls due to plaque buildup. This condition can cause various symptoms depending on the arteries affected:Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): This condition affects the coronary arteries and may lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath (dyspnea), heart attacks, and other heart disease symptoms.Cerebrovascular Disease: This affects blood flow to the brain, causing transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)...
Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Imaging of Aortic Calcification and Inflammation
08:43

Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Imaging of Aortic Calcification and Inflammation

Published on: May 31, 2016

Calcification in atherosclerosis.

Nikolaos Alexopoulos1, Paolo Raggi

  • 1Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Nature Reviews. Cardiology
|September 30, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring quantifies calcification in heart arteries. High CAC scores indicate patient vulnerability, while a zero score suggests a good short-term prognosis, even for high-risk individuals.

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Analysis of Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Vascular Calcification Using In Vitro and In Vivo Models
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Analysis of Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Vascular Calcification Using In Vitro and In Vivo Models

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Imaging of Aortic Calcification and Inflammation
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Investigating Aortic Valve Calcification via Isolation and Culture of T Lymphocytes using Feeder Cells from Irradiated Buffy Coat
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Investigating Aortic Valve Calcification via Isolation and Culture of T Lymphocytes using Feeder Cells from Irradiated Buffy Coat

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Analysis of Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Vascular Calcification Using In Vitro and In Vivo Models
09:01

Analysis of Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Vascular Calcification Using In Vitro and In Vivo Models

Published on: January 27, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Radiology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Coronary calcification is a known feature of atherosclerosis, but its role in plaque stability remains debated.
  • Advances in CT technology allow for precise quantification of coronary artery calcium (CAC).
  • CAC scoring is increasingly used to assess overall atherosclerotic burden and cardiovascular event risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the prognostic value of coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring in predicting cardiovascular events.
  • To determine if CAC identifies vulnerable patients or vulnerable plaques.
  • To compare the risk stratification capabilities of CAC with traditional risk factors and CT angiography.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized computed tomography (CT) technology for quantifying coronary artery calcium (CAC).
  • Expressed calcification extent as a coronary artery calcium (CAC) score.
  • Analyzed the association between CAC scores and cardiovascular event risk in various patient populations.

Main Results:

  • Large amounts of CAC are associated with identifying a vulnerable patient, not necessarily a vulnerable plaque or vessel.
  • CAC scores provide incremental prognostic value beyond traditional cardiovascular risk factors.
  • A zero CAC score is linked to an excellent short-term to mid-term prognosis, even in high-risk individuals.
  • CT angiography may emphasize immediate risks from luminal stenoses over the long-term risk indicated by CAC.

Conclusions:

  • Coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring is a valuable tool for assessing long-term cardiovascular risk.
  • CAC effectively identifies patients at higher risk for cardiovascular events.
  • A zero CAC score signifies a favorable short-to-mid-term prognosis, aiding in risk stratification.