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Related Concept Videos

Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
Halogens03:01

Halogens

Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group.
Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
ortho–para-Directing Deactivators: Halogens01:24

ortho–para-Directing Deactivators: Halogens

Halogens are ortho–para directors. They are more electronegative than carbon. Therefore, as ring substituents, they can withdraw electrons through the inductive effect and deactivate the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution. Halogens also have an electron-donating resonance effect on the ring, which influences the orientation of the incoming electrophile. If an electrophile attacks at the ortho or the para position, the halogen donates electrons and stabilizes the intermediate...
Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation02:38

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation

Introduction
Halogenation is another class of electrophilic addition reactions where a halogen molecule gets added across a π bond. In alkynes, the presence of two π bonds allows for the addition of two equivalents of halogens (bromine or chlorine). The addition of the first halogen molecule forms a trans-dihaloalkene as the major product and the cis isomer as the minor product. Subsequent addition of the second equivalent yields the tetrahalide.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Halogenoids as ligands in superhalogen anions.

Sylwia Smuczyńska1, Piotr Skurski

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Sobieskiego 18, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland.

Inorganic Chemistry
|October 1, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Novel superhalogen anions were designed using halogenoid ligands, showing potential for high electron affinities. These compounds offer tunable electronic stability through careful selection of metal atoms and ligands.

Area of Science:

  • Computational Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Inorganic Chemistry

Background:

  • Superhalogens are compounds with exceptionally high electron affinities, crucial for various chemical applications.
  • Traditional superhalogens often involve complex structures; exploring simpler ligand systems is of significant interest.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the feasibility of using halogenoid groups as ligands in designing novel superhalogen anionic species.
  • To theoretically evaluate the electron affinities and stability of designed superhalogen anions.

Main Methods:

  • Ab initio outer valence Green function (OVGF) calculations were employed.
  • The study utilized the OVGF/6-311+G(3df)//MP2/6-311+G(d) theoretical level for computations.
  • Representative species like LiX(2)(-), NaX(2)(-), BeX(3)(-), MgX(3)(-), CaX(3)(-), BX(4)(-), and AlX(4)(-) were designed and analyzed.

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Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)
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Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)

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The Synthesis of [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique
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The Synthesis of [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

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Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)
10:42

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)

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The Synthesis of [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique
12:43

The Synthesis of [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique

Published on: November 28, 2016

Main Results:

  • Halogenoid ligands, including CN, NC, OCN, NCO, SCN, and NCS, were identified as viable components for superhalogen anions.
  • Electron binding energies ranged from 5.010 eV for Na(NCS)(2)(-) to 9.209 eV for Al(NC)(4)(-).
  • The electronic stability of these novel superhalogens can be modulated by selecting appropriate central metal atoms and halogenoid ligands.

Conclusions:

  • Halogenoid ligands offer a promising route to synthesize new superhalogen anions with tunable electronic properties.
  • The findings provide a theoretical foundation for the experimental design of advanced superhalogen compounds.