Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Predicting Molecular Geometry02:27

Predicting Molecular Geometry

VSEPR Theory for Determination of Electron Pair Geometries
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group with both...
Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation02:38

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation

Introduction
Halogenation is another class of electrophilic addition reactions where a halogen molecule gets added across a π bond. In alkynes, the presence of two π bonds allows for the addition of two equivalents of halogens (bromine or chlorine). The addition of the first halogen molecule forms a trans-dihaloalkene as the major product and the cis isomer as the minor product. Subsequent addition of the second equivalent yields the tetrahalide.
Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:17

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Temperature-directed <i>in situ</i> generation of fluorobenzyl radicals: utilization for the complete fluorobenzylation of tri- and tetramethylbenzenes.

Organic & biomolecular chemistry·2026
Same author

Beryllium gets going, finally. Recent highlights in the organometallic chemistry of beryllium.

Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)·2026
Same author

Thermal monomerization unlocks 3/2 ↔ 5/2 spin crossover in a kinetically trapped high-spin Fe(III) dimer.

Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)·2025
Same author

Peroxide Ligands Support Tetranuclear Lanthanide Ensembles: Synthesis, Structure, Magnetism, and Theoretical Studies.

Inorganic chemistry·2025
Same author

Thienylene-Based Diradicaloids: Electrochromic Ring-Closing of Dithienylethene-Based Bis-Amidinium Cation.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2025
Same author

Highly emissive boron-α-thioimidinates: substituent control of photophysics and charge transport properties.

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)
10:42

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)

Published on: December 29, 2016

Halide-capped tellurium-containing macrocycles.

Vadapalli Chandrasekhar1, Ramalingam Thirumoorthi

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208 016, India. vc@iitk.ac.in

Inorganic Chemistry
|October 1, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New tellurium-based macrocycles were synthesized from bis(p-methoxyphenyl)tellurium dichloride and pentamethyltrimethylenephosphinic acid. These structures feature unique halide capping ligands, differing from tin-based clusters.

More Related Videos

Accessing Valuable Ligand Supports for Transition Metals: A Modified, Intermediate Scale Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene
09:45

Accessing Valuable Ligand Supports for Transition Metals: A Modified, Intermediate Scale Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene

Published on: March 20, 2017

Isolating Free Carbenes, their Mixed Dimers and Organic Radicals
10:44

Isolating Free Carbenes, their Mixed Dimers and Organic Radicals

Published on: April 19, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)
10:42

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)

Published on: December 29, 2016

Accessing Valuable Ligand Supports for Transition Metals: A Modified, Intermediate Scale Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene
09:45

Accessing Valuable Ligand Supports for Transition Metals: A Modified, Intermediate Scale Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene

Published on: March 20, 2017

Isolating Free Carbenes, their Mixed Dimers and Organic Radicals
10:44

Isolating Free Carbenes, their Mixed Dimers and Organic Radicals

Published on: April 19, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Organotellurium compounds are of interest due to their diverse reactivity and potential applications.
  • Macrocyclic compounds offer unique structural and chemical properties.
  • Phosphinic acids serve as versatile ligands in coordination chemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel macrocyclic compounds containing tellurium and phosphorus.
  • To investigate the structural features and reactivity of these new macrocycles.
  • To compare the reactivity of organotellurium dihalides with organotin dihalides in reactions with phosphinic acids.

Main Methods:

  • Reaction of bis(p-methoxyphenyl)tellurium dichloride with 1,1,2,3,3-pentamethyltrimethylenephosphinic acid.
  • Halide exchange reaction using sodium iodide.
  • X-ray crystallography for structural elucidation of the macrocycles and cluster.
  • Spectroscopic characterization (NMR, IR).

Main Results:

  • Formation of a 12-membered dicationic tellurium-phosphorus macrocycle with halide capping ligands from the tellurium precursor.
  • Isostructural macrocycles containing Te4P2O6 framework were obtained with chloride and iodide.
  • Reaction of diphenyltin dichloride with the phosphinic acid yielded an oxygen-capped tin cluster via Sn-Ph bond cleavage.

Conclusions:

  • Novel Te-P macrocycles with unique halide capping interactions were successfully synthesized.
  • The reactivity of organotellurium dihalides differs significantly from organotin dihalides, leading to distinct structural outcomes.
  • The study highlights the versatility of phosphinic acids in forming complex organometallic structures.