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Related Concept Videos

Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
Catalysis01:27

Catalysis

Catalysis influences the rate of chemical reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. A catalyst speeds up a reaction, but it is not consumed during the process. The fundamental principle of catalysis is the ability of a catalyst to alter the reaction mechanism, often introducing a more efficient pathway than the uncatalyzed process.In a catalyzed reaction, the catalyst participates directly in the reaction mechanism. It interacts with reactants to form...
Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration02:36

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration

A significant aspect of hydroboration–oxidation is the regio- and stereochemical outcome of the reaction.
Hydroboration proceeds in a concerted fashion with the attack of borane on the π bond, giving a cyclic four-centered transition state. The –BH2 group is bonded to the less substituted carbon and –H to the more substituted carbon. The concerted nature requires the simultaneous addition of –H and –BH2 across the same face of the alkene giving syn stereochemistry.
Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride01:26

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
The bonds formed in this reaction are stronger than the bonds broken, making it energetically favorable. The reaction follows a radical chain mechanism similar to radical halogenation reactions,...
Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation02:47

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

Introduction
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.

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Heterogeneous Removal of Water-Soluble Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalyst from Aqueous Media Via Host-Guest Interaction
10:39

Heterogeneous Removal of Water-Soluble Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalyst from Aqueous Media Via Host-Guest Interaction

Published on: August 23, 2018

The Ru-Hbpp water oxidation catalyst.

Fernando Bozoglian1, Sophie Romain, Mehmed Z Ertem

  • 1Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avinguda Paisos Catalans 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|October 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study thoroughly characterizes the Ru-Hbpp water oxidation catalyst, detailing its oxidation states and kinetics. It reveals intramolecular oxygen-oxygen bond formation, crucial for efficient water splitting catalysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Water oxidation catalysts are essential for artificial photosynthesis and renewable energy.
  • The Ru-Hbpp complex is a promising candidate for water oxidation catalysis.
  • A comprehensive understanding of its mechanism and stability is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a thorough characterization of the Ru-Hbpp water oxidation catalyst.
  • To elucidate the mechanistic pathways of water oxidation, including intermediate formation and oxygen-oxygen bond formation.
  • To investigate the catalyst's stability and potential deactivation pathways under catalytic conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Employed structural (single crystal X-ray), spectroscopic (UV-vis, NMR), kinetic (stopped flow), and electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry) analyses.
  • Utilized theoretical modeling (DFT, CASPT2) for mechanistic insights.
  • Performed oxygen labeling experiments (MS) and manometric measurements.

Main Results:

  • Identified and characterized five distinct oxidation states of the Ru-Hbpp complex, from II,II to IV,IV.
  • Determined electron transfer kinetics and activation parameters for individual oxidation steps.
  • Established intramolecular oxygen-oxygen bond formation via oxygen labeling experiments and theoretical modeling.

Conclusions:

  • The Ru-Hbpp catalyst exhibits complex redox behavior and well-defined oxidation states.
  • A detailed mechanistic understanding of water oxidation, including intermediate formation and O-O bond coupling, has been achieved.
  • Insights into catalyst stability and deactivation pathways are provided for future catalyst design.