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Limits to Natural Selection

Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.For one, natural selection can only act upon existing genetic variation. Hypothetically, redtusks may enhance elephant survival by deterring ivory-seeking poachers. However, if there are no gene variants—or alleles—for redtusks, natural selection cannot increase the prevalence of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
04:52

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations

Published on: February 3, 2023

Quantum darwinism in a mixed environment.

Michael Zwolak1, H T Quan, Wojciech H Zurek

  • 1Theoretical Division, MS-B213, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|October 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Observers gain information about quantum systems indirectly through environmental imprints. Even hazy environments reveal system states, though larger fragments are needed if the environment has high initial entropy.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Quantum information theory
  • Environmental decoherence

Background:

  • Quantum Darwinism explains information acquisition via environmental imprints.
  • The role of environmental entropy in information transfer is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate information acquisition from mixed-state (hazy) environments.
  • To quantify the impact of initial environmental entropy on information storage capacity.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of mutual information between a system and environmental fragments.
  • Modeling information transfer in the presence of environmental decoherence.

Main Results:

  • Information can be retrieved from hazy environments, but capacity is reduced by initial entropy.
  • Mutual information is directly proportional to entropy increase for good decoherence.
  • A factor of (1-h) reduction in capacity is observed, where h is environment haziness.

Conclusions:

  • Hazy environments can reveal system states, despite suppressed storage capacity.
  • Larger environmental fragments are required to compensate for increased initial entropy.
  • The findings have implications for understanding quantum information transfer and decoherence.