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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
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Structure of amorphous aluminum oxide.

Sung Keun Lee1, Sung Bo Lee, Sun Young Park

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Physical Review Letters
|October 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Amorphous aluminum oxide (Al(2)O(3)) thin films, studied using solid-state NMR, show predominantly four- and five-coordinated species. Annealing at 800°C initiates crystallization, reducing five-coordinated species.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Chemistry
  • Amorphous Materials

Background:

  • Prototypical aluminum oxide (Al(2)O(3)) is not a glass former.
  • Amorphous Al(2)O(3) can be synthesized as thin films via vapor deposition.
  • These films serve as structural models for Al(2)O(3) glass.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the local atomic structure of amorphous Al(2)O(3) thin films.
  • To investigate the coordination states of aluminum species in amorphous Al(2)O(3).
  • To determine the structural changes upon annealing and the onset of crystallization.

Main Methods:

  • Two-dimensional solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (2D ssNMR) spectroscopy.
  • Vapor deposition for amorphous Al(2)O(3) thin film synthesis.
  • Thermal annealing experiments at 800°C.

Main Results:

  • The first 2D ssNMR experiments on amorphous Al(2)O(3) thin films were conducted.
  • Four- and five-coordinated aluminum species were found to be predominant (95%).
  • Six-coordinated species were identified as minor components, and their proportion decreased significantly upon annealing.

Conclusions:

  • The coordination species distribution in amorphous Al(2)O(3) thin films closely matches theoretical predictions for Al(2)O(3) melts.
  • The negligible presence of five-coordinated species after annealing at 800°C indicates the initiation of Al(2)O(3) crystallization.
  • Solid-state NMR is effective in probing the structure and phase transitions of amorphous aluminum oxide films.