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1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO₂ Overview

Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by water loss...

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO₂

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.

Halogens

Halogens

Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group.

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.

Weak Base Solutions

Weak Base Solutions

Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...

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Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Preparation and Testing of Impedance-based Fluidic Biochips with RTgill-W1 Cells for Rapid Evaluation of Drinking Water Samples for Toxicity

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Halonitromethane formation potentials in drinking waters.

Jia Hu¹, Hocheol Song, Jesse W Addison

¹Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA.

|October 2, 2009

Summary

Halonitromethanes (HNMs), toxic disinfection by-products, form most readily during ozonation-chlorination. Hydrophilic natural organic matter (NOM) in drinking water is the primary precursor, especially when the ratio of dissolved organic carbon to nitrogen is high.

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Area of Science:

Environmental Chemistry
Water Treatment Science
Toxicology

Background:

Halonitromethanes (HNMs) are nitrogenous disinfection by-products (DBPs) identified in water distribution systems.
These HNMs exhibit significant cytotoxic and genotoxic properties.
Their formation is linked to water disinfection processes.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically investigate the formation potential of HNMs in drinking water.
To evaluate HNM formation under various oxidation conditions.
To identify the key precursors and water quality parameters influencing HNM generation.

Main Methods:

Formation potential tests were conducted on drinking water samples from diverse sources.
Different oxidation processes were applied, including chlorination, ozonation, and combined methods.
Natural organic matter (NOM) was fractionated using resin adsorption to analyze precursor characteristics.

Main Results:

Ozonation-chlorination yielded the highest HNM formation, followed by chlorination, ozonation-chloramination, and chloramination.
Treated drinking waters showed similar or higher HNM yields compared to raw waters.
Hydrophilic NOM fractions (HPI) demonstrated significantly higher HNM yields than hydrophobic (HPO) and transphilic (TPH) fractions.
HNM yields correlated best with the dissolved organic carbon to dissolved organic nitrogen ratio during ozonation-chlorination.

Conclusions:

Hydrophilic NOM components are the primary precursors for HNM formation.
Conventional water treatment does not effectively remove these HNM precursors.
The ratio of dissolved organic carbon to dissolved organic nitrogen is a key indicator for predicting HNM formation potential during ozonation-chlorination.