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Related Concept Videos

Types of Errors: Detection and Minimization01:12

Types of Errors: Detection and Minimization

Error is the deviation of the obtained result from the true, expected value or the estimated central value. Errors are expressed in absolute or relative terms.
Absolute error in a measurement is the numerical difference from the true or central value. Relative error is the ratio between absolute error and the true or central value, expressed as a percentage.
Errors can be classified by source, magnitude, and sign. There are three types of errors: systematic, random, and gross.
Systematic or...
Random and Systematic Errors01:20

Random and Systematic Errors

Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...
Random and Systematic Errors01:20

Random and Systematic Errors

Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...
Errors and Mistakes in Surveying01:19

Errors and Mistakes in Surveying

Errors and mistakes in surveying refer to inaccuracies in measurements and data recording. The errors are deviations from the actual value caused by human sensory limitations, equipment flaws, or environmental effects. These errors are typically unintentional and can result from the inherent imperfections in the instruments used, atmospheric conditions, or the observer’s inability to perceive exact measurements. On the other hand, mistakes are caused by the surveyor's lack of attention,...
Detection of Gross Error: The Q Test01:00

Detection of Gross Error: The Q Test

When one or more data points appear far from the rest of the data, there is a need to determine whether they are outliers and whether they should be eliminated from the data set to ensure an accurate representation of the measured value. In many cases, outliers arise from gross errors (or human errors) and do not accurately reflect the underlying phenomenon. In some cases, however, these apparent outliers reflect true phenomenological differences. In these cases, we can use statistical methods...
Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors01:15

Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors

In the case of systematic errors, the sources can be identified, and the errors can be subsequently minimized by addressing these sources. According to the source, systematic errors can be divided into sampling, instrumental, methodological, and personal errors.
Sampling errors originate from improper sampling methods or the wrong sample population. These errors can be minimized by refining the sampling strategy. Defective instruments or faulty calibrations are the sources of instrumental...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice
07:07

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Published on: June 5, 2016

When errors are rewarding.

Ellen R A de Bruijn1, Floris P de Lange, D Yves von Cramon

  • 1Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands. e.debruijn@donders.ru.nl

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|October 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Detecting errors, whether our own or others

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Social Cognition
  • Decision Making

Background:

  • Error detection is crucial for goal-directed behavior in social species.
  • The social context influences the perception of others' errors (negative vs. positive).
  • Understanding the neural basis of error and reward processing is key.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate brain activations for error processing versus reward processing.
  • To investigate how social context (cooperation vs. competition) affects these neural responses.
  • To identify brain regions involved in detecting errors irrespective of social context or reward.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized neuroimaging techniques (fMRI) to monitor brain activity.
  • Manipulated social context (cooperation and competition) during tasks.
  • Presented participants with scenarios involving their own and others' errors.

Main Results:

  • Posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) showed increased activation for all errors, regardless of the actor or outcome.
  • Striatal activity was primarily modulated by reward, independent of error occurrence.
  • A clear neural distinction was observed between error and reward processing.

Conclusions:

  • The posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) plays a vital role in general error detection.
  • Error detection in pMFC is independent of reward value and social context.
  • This brain region's function extends to optimizing performance in both individual and joint actions.