Is ad-hoc plan adaptation based on 2-Step IMRT feasible?

The ability of a geometry-based method to expeditiously adapt a "2-Step" step and shoot IMRT plan was explored. Both changes of the geometry of target and organ at risk have to be balanced. A retrospective prostate planning study was performed to investigate the relative benefits of beam segment adaptation to the changes in target and organ at risk coverage.

Four patients with six planning cases with extraordinarily large deformations of rectum and prostate were chosen for the study. A 9-field IMRT plan (A) using 2-Step IMRT segments was planned on an initial CT study. The plan had to fulfil all the requirements of a conventional high-quality step and shoot IMRT plan. To adapt to changes of the anatomy in a further CT data set, three approaches were considered: the original plan with optimized isocentre position (B), a newly optimized plan (C) and the original plan, adapted using the 2-Step IMRT optimization rules (D). DVH parameters were utilized for quantification of plan quality: D(99) for the CTV and the central planning target volume (PTV), D(95) for an outer PTV, V(95), V(80) and V(50) for rectum and bladder.

The adapted plan (D) achieved almost the same target coverage as the newly optimized plan (C). Target coverage for plan B was poor and for the organs at risk, the rectum V(80) was slightly increased. The volume with more than 95% of the target dose (V(95)) was 1.5+/-1.5 cm(3) for the newly optimized plan (C), compared to 2.2+/-1.3 cm(3) for the original plan (A) and 7.2+/-4.8 cm(3) (B) on the first and the second CT, respectively. The adapted plan resulted in 4.3+/-2.1 cm(3) (D), an intermediate dose load to the rectum. All other parameters were comparable for the newly optimized and the adapted plan.

The first results for adaptation of interfractional changes using the 2-Step IMRT algorithm are encouraging. The plans were superior to plans with optimized isocentre position and only marginally inferior to a newly optimized plan.