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Related Concept Videos

Short-distance Transport of Resources02:12

Short-distance Transport of Resources

Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
Electrical Transport01:29

Electrical Transport

The electrical transport property of a material is defined by its resistance and conductivity. Resistance is the measure of a material's ability to resist the flow of electric current, while conductivity gauges its ability to allow the current to pass through, depending on the geometry of the measurement cell, such as electrode spacing and area. Conductivity is measured in Siemens (S). There are different types of conductance, including specific conductance, equivalent conductance, and molar...
Pilot and Numeric Relaying01:21

Pilot and Numeric Relaying

Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:
Rocket Propulsion in Empty Space - I01:13

Rocket Propulsion in Empty Space - I

The driving force for the motion of any vehicle is friction, but in the case of rocket propulsion in space, the friction force is not present. The motion of a rocket changes its velocity (and hence its momentum) by ejecting burned fuel gases, thus causing it to accelerate in the direction opposite to the velocity of the ejected fuel. In this situation, the mass and velocity of the rocket constantly change along with the total mass of ejected gases. Due to conservation of momentum, the rocket's...
Carrier Transport01:21

Carrier Transport

The generation of electrical current in semiconductors is fundamentally driven by two mechanisms: drift and diffusion. These processes are essential for the functionality and performance of semiconductor-based devices.
Drift Current:
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Rocket Propulsion In Empty Space - II01:12

Rocket Propulsion In Empty Space - II

The motion of a rocket is governed by the conservation of momentum principle. A rocket's momentum changes by the same amount (with the opposite sign) as the ejected gases. As time goes by, the rocket's mass (which includes the mass of the remaining fuel) continuously decreases, and its velocity increases. Therefore, the principle of conservation of momentum is used to explain the dynamics of a rocket's motion. The ideal rocket equation gives the change in velocity that a rocket experiences by...

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Preparation of Gene Gun Bullets and Biolistic Transfection of Neurons in Slice Culture
17:42

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Published on: February 13, 2008

Sending ROS on a bullet train.

Hann Ling Wong1, Ko Shimamoto

  • 1Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, 630-0192 Nara, Japan.

Science Signaling
|October 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plants face many threats, but a new study reveals that reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as rapid systemic signals. This discovery, mediated by NADPH oxidase, offers hope for early warning systems against plant stress.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Molecular signaling
  • Stress responses

Background:

  • Plants are vulnerable to biotic (disease, herbivory) and abiotic (heat, salinity) stresses.
  • Effective plant stress management requires rapid, long-distance signaling systems.
  • Systemic signaling in plants, particularly the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS), remains a significant research challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in systemic plant signaling.
  • To identify the molecular mechanisms underlying rapid systemic signal propagation in plants.
  • To explore the potential for developing early warning systems for plant stress.

Main Methods:

  • The study focuses on the proposed role of ROS as systemic signals.
  • Investigated the involvement of NADPH oxidase in mediating ROS systemic signaling.

Main Results:

  • Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are confirmed as key systemic signals in plants.
  • The study identifies NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form) oxidase as the mediator of systemic ROS signaling.
  • This finding elucidates the molecular basis for rapid signal initiation and propagation.

Conclusions:

  • The discovery of NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS signaling provides a breakthrough in understanding plant systemic signaling.
  • This finding paves the way for developing novel early warning systems to mitigate plant damage from various stresses.
  • Further research into these molecular mechanisms can enhance plant resilience and agricultural productivity.