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Related Concept Videos

Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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Related Experiment Videos

Thyroid diseases in pregnancy.

Roland Gärtner1

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, per.nilsen@liu.se München, Germany. roland.gaertner@med.uni-muenchen.de

Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology
|October 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid disorders in pregnancy pose risks to both mother and child. Early screening and appropriate iodine intake are crucial for optimal maternal and fetal neurodevelopment.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Endocrinology
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine

Background:

  • Thyroid disorders are prevalent during pregnancy, impacting maternal and fetal well-being.
  • Recent re-evaluations have updated reference values for normal thyroid function in early pregnancy.
  • Maternal thyroid dysfunction and antibodies are linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of thyroid disorders in pregnancy.
  • To highlight the impact of thyroid dysfunction on maternal and fetal outcomes.
  • To emphasize the importance of screening and management strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on thyroid function in pregnancy.
  • Analysis of updated reference ranges for thyroid hormones.
  • Evaluation of risks associated with maternal thyroid dysfunction and antibodies.

Main Results:

  • Hypothyroxinemia can negatively affect fetal neuropsychological development.
  • Maternal thyroid dysfunction increases risks of abortion, preterm delivery, and neonatal morbidity.
  • Levothyroxine treatment in pregnant women is often suboptimal, with undertreatment or overtreatment.

Conclusions:

  • Increased iodine intake to 250 microg/day is recommended due to its impact on fetal neurodevelopment.
  • Even subclinical thyroid dysfunction or thyroid antibodies can increase risks for miscarriage, preterm birth, and developmental delays.
  • Routine thyroid function testing in all pregnant women is strongly recommended for early detection and management.