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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into the...
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
06:55

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

Published on: September 26, 2016

Second-harmonic generation with partially poled polymers.

S Bauer, G Eberle, W Eisenmenger

    Optics Letters
    |October 3, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Inhomogeneous polarization in polymers affects nonlinear optics. Partially poled polyvinylidene fluoride films show second-harmonic generation strongly dependent on polarization distribution, confirmed by piezoelectric pressure pulse measurements.

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    Area of Science:

    • Nonlinear Optics
    • Polymer Science
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Poling polymers typically results in uneven polarization distribution within the film.
    • These polarization inhomogeneities significantly impact experiments relying on second-order nonlinear optical effects.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the effect of partial poling on second-harmonic generation (SHG) in ferroelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) films.
    • To correlate SHG measurements with the actual polarization distribution within the partially poled film.

    Main Methods:

    • Second-harmonic generation (SHG) measurements were performed on a PVDF film subjected to partial poling (polarization across only a portion of the film thickness).
    • The polarization distribution within the film was characterized using the piezoelectric pressure pulse (PPP) technique.

    Main Results:

    • Angle-dependent SHG signals were measured for the partially poled PVDF film.
    • The experimental SHG data could only be accurately explained when the measured inhomogeneous polarization distribution was considered.

    Conclusions:

    • Partial poling leads to non-uniform polarization in ferroelectric polymer films.
    • Accurate modeling of nonlinear optical phenomena, such as SHG, in these materials requires consideration of the detailed polarization distribution.