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Antibody Structure

Antibody Structure

Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

In 1971, Peter Perlman and Eva Engvall developed an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA or EIA). ELISA differs from western blot in that the assays are conducted in microtiter plates or in vivo rather than on an absorbent membrane.
There are many different types of ELISAs, but they all involve an antibody molecule whose constant region binds an enzyme, leaving the variable region free to bind its specific antigen. Enzyme-substrate reaction allows the antigen to be visualized or quantified.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Generation of Two-color Antigen Microarrays for the Simultaneous Detection of IgG and IgM Autoantibodies

Generation of Two-color Antigen Microarrays for the Simultaneous Detection of IgG and IgM Autoantibodies

Published on: September 15, 2016

Attovial-based antibody nanoarrays.

Peter Ellmark¹, Sara Ghatnekar-Nilsson, André Meister

¹Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.

|October 3, 2009

Summary

Researchers developed a high-density nanoarray platform using attoliter-sized vials (attovials) for enhanced proteome analysis. This technology successfully detected complement factor C1q in human serum, demonstrating its potential for advanced biomarker discovery.

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Area of Science:

Proteomics
Nanotechnology
Biotechnology

Background:

Antibody array technology is crucial for proteomics but requires higher density for global analysis.
Existing antibody arrays face limitations in achieving the necessary density for comprehensive proteome-wide studies.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and characterize a novel nanoarray platform with attoliter-sized vials (attovials) for high-density antibody arrays.
To demonstrate the utility of this attovial nanoarray platform for detecting specific biomarkers in biological samples.

Main Methods:

Development of a nanoarray platform featuring attoliter-sized vials (attovials).
Characterization of the attovial nanoarray platform's performance and capabilities.
Application of the platform for the detection of complement factor C1q in human serum.
Proof-of-concept demonstration of individual attovial functionalization with recombinant antibodies.

Main Results:

The attovial nanoarray platform was successfully developed and characterized.
The platform demonstrated effective detection of complement factor C1q in human serum samples.
Individual functionalization of attovials with recombinant antibodies was achieved, proving platform versatility.

Conclusions:

The developed attovial nanoarray platform represents a significant advancement in high-density antibody array technology.
This platform holds promise for enabling global proteome analysis and advancing biomarker discovery.
The technology offers a robust solution for sensitive and specific detection of proteins in complex biological matrices.