[Discovering truth. Garcia da Orta and 'discussions of simple healing remedies' (Goa 1563)]

The 'Colloquies on the simples and drugs of India' by Garcia da Orta, published in Goa in 1563, are an inquiry into South Asian materia medica and an important Portuguese contribution to Renaissance herbal literature. The dialogue indicates a fundamental interest in the quest for truth, emphasizing the separation of true from false or vague statements in the description of various plants and vegetable, animal and mineral products of the East Indies. As lectures on the writings of Aristotle and his commentators formed the bases of education at Spanish universities in the 16th century, the current scholar concept of truth at that time derived from Aristotelian philosophy in which scientific truth is taken to arise mainly from syllogistic proof, definition and noetic intuition. Simultaneously another notion of truth emerged, referring to itself in terms of 'discovery' and 'experience'. The abundance of unknown phenomena and the strangeness of the exotic flora and fauna had demonstrated that the ability to make true statements in the field of natural history depended largely on sense perception and the collection of information. Both of these two ways to knowledge are required to characterize, compare and classify new objects or processes by differentiating them into their accidental, specific and diagnostic properties. This kind of truth gains its validity from authentic and documentated observation of individual beings; it has to be detected by research on nature's morphological diversity and by application of heuristic methods. After giving an outline of Orta's life, the structure of the 'Colloquies' and their reception in Europe, the article tries to identify the plants and drugs discussed and finally concentrates on an exposition of the Aristotelian and the discovery-oriented concept of scientfic truth.